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To be in the intermediate risk category, one must satisfy any of the following criteria: Has smoked 10–30 pack-years; is a female 50–59 years old or a male aged 40–59 years old; has 11–25 red blood cells per high power field; or was previously a low-risk patient with persistent microscopic hematuria and has 3–25 red blood cells per ...
Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are often used together against cancers which prove resistant to one or the other. [7] Chemotherapy is sometimes used to destroy urethral cancer cells. It is a systemic urethral cancer treatment (i.e., destroys urethral cancer cells throughout the body) that is administered orally or intravenously.
By far the most important cause is cigarette smoking, which contributes to approximately one-half of the disease burden. [6] Chemical exposure, such as those sustained by workers in the petroleum industry, the manufacture of paints and pigments (e.g., aniline dyes), [5] and agrochemicals are known to predispose one to urothelial cancer. [6]
Tobacco smoking is the main contributor to bladder cancer risk; around half of bladder cancer cases are estimated to be caused by smoking. [43] [44] Tobacco smoke contains carcinogenic molecules that enter the blood and are filtered by the kidneys into the urine. There they can cause damage to the DNA of bladder cells, eventually leading to ...
Hemoglobinuria is a condition in which the oxygen transport protein hemoglobin is found in abnormally high concentrations in the urine. [1] The condition is caused by excessive intravascular hemolysis, in which large numbers of red blood cells (RBCs) are destroyed, thereby releasing free hemoglobin into the plasma. [2]
Thus, a positive result for blood can represent the presence of red blood cells , free hemoglobin (hemoglobinuria), or myoglobin (myoglobinuria). [51] Red blood cells can sometimes be distinguished from free hemoglobin or myoglobin as the former causes a speckled pattern on the test pad while the latter results in a uniform color change.
The study increases the known number of cancers linked to contaminated drinking water at the base, according to Kenneth Cantor, a former National Cancer Institute epidemiologist who has read the ...
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli cells adhered to bladder epithelial cell. Uropathogenic E. coli from the gut is the cause of 80–85% of community-acquired urinary tract infections, [31] with Staphylococcus saprophyticus being the cause in 5–10%. [4] Rarely they may be due to viral or fungal infections. [32]