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Kidney stone disease, also known as renal calculus disease, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis, is a crystallopathy where a solid piece of material (renal calculus) develops in the urinary tract. [2] Renal calculi typically form in the kidney and leave the body in the urine stream. [2] A small calculus may pass without causing symptoms. [2]
Some of the passed fragments of a 1-cm calcium oxalate stone that was smashed using lithotripsy. The most common use of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is for lithotripsy to treat kidney stones [3] (urinary calculosis) and biliary calculi (stones in the gallbladder or in the liver) using an acoustic pulse.
[5] [4] [6] [7] CVA tenderness may be present in patients who have a kidney stone, [8] [7] a stone in the ureter, [8] a ureteropelvic junction obstruction, [8] a kidney abscess, [8] a urinary tract infection, [9] and vesicoureteral reflux. [10] CVA tenderness is also present in patients who have retrocecal appendicitis and retroperitoneal ...
[16] [17] [18] All stones are detectable on CT scans except very rare stones composed of certain drug residues in the urine. [19] In patients with recurrent ascending urinary tract infections, it may be necessary to exclude an anatomical abnormality, such as vesicoureteral reflux or polycystic kidney disease.
Hydronephrosis due to a kidney stone at the ureteral vesicular junction seen on CT scan. Prenatal diagnosis is possible, [9] and in fact, most cases in pediatric patients are incidentally detected by routine screening ultrasounds obtained during pregnancy. [10]
Segmental hypoplasia or Ask-Upmark kidney is a rare renal disease where a part of the kidney has undergone hypoplasia. The number of renal lobes is reduced, and the kidney size is less than two standard deviations from the average, with the weight often being over 50g in adults and 12–25g in children.
The experimental thulium fiber laser (TFL) is being studied as a potential alternative to the holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) laser for the treatment of kidney stones. The TFL has several potential advantages compared to Ho:YAG laser for lithotripsy, including a four times lower ablation threshold, a near single-mode beam profile, and higher pulse rates ...
In the general population, the frequency of medullary sponge kidney disease is reported to be 0.02–0.005%; that is, 1 in 5000 to 1 in 20,000. The frequency of medullary sponge kidney has been reported by various authors to be 12–21% in patients with kidney stones. [10] The disease is bilateral in 70% of cases. [citation needed]