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Public participation in decision-making has been studied as a way to align value judgements and risk trade-offs with public values and attitudes about acceptable risk. This research is of interest for emerging areas of science, including controversial technologies and new applications.
The principle of public participation holds that those who are affected by a decision have a right to be involved in the decision-making process. Public participation implies that the public's contribution will influence the decision. [1] [2] Public participation may be regarded as a form of empowerment and as a vital part of democratic ...
It is important to note that the participation of the public can occur at many different levels. Due to this ambiguity, modalities for public engagement have been categorized based on the types of information flow and level of involvement of the public and/or sponsor (i.e. academia, government, private sector): [1] [4] [5]
Civic engagement is "a process in which people take collective action to address issues of public concern" and is "instrumental to democracy". [2] Underrepresentation of groups in the government causes issues faced by groups such as minority , low-income , and younger groups to be overlooked or ignored.
The right to public participation is a human right enshrined by some international and national legal systems that protects public participation in certain decision making processes. Article 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states the right of every person to participate in the affairs of his country, either directly or by ...
The process is deliberative, yielding new understandings of problems and opportunities for action. The participants in the process take part in defining the problem, the process for decision-making, and the decision outcomes. Individual processes are part of an ongoing stream of issues, not one-time or one-issue discussions.
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Participatory planning programs use a range of methods and tools to facilitate public participation in the urban planning process. Since the 1960s, planning programs have used tools such as referendums, focus groups, consensus conferences, citizen advisory committees, public hearings, and public opinion surveys to encourage public participation.