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Reporting and evaluating methods of public participation and involvement in across multiple disciplines and languages has been an ongoing challenge, making it difficult to assess effectiveness. [49] [50] Some novel tools for reporting involvement, engagement and participation across disciplines using standardised terminology have been developed ...
Public participation in decision-making has been studied as a way to align value judgements and risk trade-offs with public values and attitudes about acceptable risk. This research is of interest for emerging areas of science, including controversial technologies and new applications.
Participatory planning programs use a range of methods and tools to facilitate public participation in the urban planning process. Since the 1960s, planning programs have used tools such as referendums, focus groups, consensus conferences, citizen advisory committees, public hearings, and public opinion surveys to encourage public participation.
Primary stakeholders of a project participate by being informed about what is going to happen or has already happened. People’s feedback is minimal or non- existent, and their participation is assessed through methods like head counting and contribution to the discussion (sometimes referred to as participation by information). [11]
The public engagement, here, is defined as “processes and initiatives focused on enabling public participation in the responsible innovation and development of new technologies, including the management and assessment of technological risk.” [4] The goals include:
Participation in work decisions: Characterized as formal, long-term and direct participation. The content in this dimension focuses on work, e.g. task distribution, organizational methods of the task. Consultative participation: Same to the previous one except it has lower level of influence in decision-making.
Participatory GIS (PGIS) or public participation geographic information system (PPGIS) is a participatory approach to spatial planning and spatial information and communications management. [1] [2] PGIS combines Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) methods with geographic information systems (GIS). [3]
This method is endorsed by the United Nations [8] [9] [10] and is used in the development programs of many countries including Canada, [11] the US [2] and New Zealand. [ 12 ] Practitioners of participatory evaluation in academia include Clemencia Rodriguez and Barry Checkoway .