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Marine chemistry, also known as ocean chemistry or chemical oceanography, is the study of the chemical composition and processes of the world’s oceans, including the interactions between seawater, the atmosphere, the seafloor, and marine organisms. [2]
Helium-4 is an unusually stable nucleus because its nucleons are arranged into complete shells. It was also formed in enormous quantities during Big Bang nucleosynthesis. [113] Helium-3 is present on Earth only in trace amounts. Most of it has been present since Earth's formation, though some falls to Earth trapped in cosmic dust. [114]
The atmospheres on hycean planets are thought to be made up of hydrogen, helium, and water vapor. [1] Dark hycean planets thought to be common around red dwarf stars. [13] Red dwarf stars are the most common type of star in the Milky Way galaxy. [14] They are considered to be a promising place to search for life beyond Earth.
Helium is also present as up to 7% of some natural gas sources, [20] and large sources have over 0.5% (above 0.2% makes it viable to extract). [21] The fraction of 3 He in helium separated from natural gas in the U.S. was found to range from 70 to 242 parts per billion.
Sunlight, filtered into a reddish hue by passing through much of the troposphere at sunset, is reflected off the ocean. The above-lying stratosphere can be seen at the horizon as a band of its characteristic glow of blue scattered sunlight. The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere.
This is enabled by Earth being an ocean world, the only one in the Solar System sustaining liquid surface water. Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its global ocean, covering 70.8% of Earth's crust. The remaining 29.2% of Earth's crust is land, most of which is located in the form of continental landmasses within Earth's land hemisphere.
A terrestrial planet with an arid surface consistency similar to Earth's deserts. Mars: Gas dwarf: A low-mass planet composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. GJ 1214 b: Gas giant: A massive planet composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. Saturn, Jupiter, 70 Virginis b: Helium planet: A theoretical planet that may form via mass loss from a ...
3D sketch of a Saturn liquid hydrogen tanker. Atmospheric mining is the process of extracting valuable materials or other non-renewable resources from the atmosphere. Due to the abundance of molecular hydrogen and helium in the outer planets of the Solar System, advances in technology may eventually make mining their atmospheres a favorable alternative to mining terrestrial surfaces.