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A Bitter electromagnet or Bitter solenoid is a type of electromagnet invented in 1933 by American physicist Francis Bitter used in scientific research to create extremely strong magnetic fields. Bitter electromagnets have been used to achieve the strongest continuous manmade magnetic fields on earth―up to 45 teslas , as of 2011 [update] .
An electric current typically energizes the electromagnet to attract and hold the steel plate, keeping the door open. Unlike electromagnetic locks, the magnetic attraction of an electromagnetic door holder is usually weak enough that it can be manually overpowered at any time by anyone, allowing the door to close. [citation needed]
Given the relative permeability of a material can vary from around 250 for cobalt to around 5000 for soft iron and 7000 for silicon–iron, the choice of magnetic core can therefore have an important impact upon the strength of a magnetic lock. Also relevant is the choice of current, number of loops and effective length of the electromagnet.
In experimental physics, a magnetic trap is an apparatus which uses a magnetic field gradient to trap neutral particles with magnetic moments. Although such traps have been employed for many purposes in physics research, they are best known as the last stage in cooling atoms to achieve Bose–Einstein condensation .
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Magnetic trapping is created by adding a spatially varying magnetic quadrupole field to the red detuned optical field needed for laser cooling. This causes a Zeeman shift in the magnetic-sensitive m f levels, which increases with the radial distance from the center of the trap. Because of this, as an atom moves away from the center of the trap ...
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