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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM, or HOCM when obstructive) is a condition in which muscle tissues of the heart become thickened without an obvious cause. [8] The parts of the heart most commonly affected are the interventricular septum and the ventricles . [ 10 ]
A holosystolic murmur heard at the apex or axilla can indicate mitral regurgitation, which can be found in patients with HCM. Other physical exam findings that may be present are a jugular venous pulse with a prominent A wave, an S4 heart sound, and split second heart sounds with severe disease and prominent outflow tract obstruction. [9]
S in V 1 or V 2 ≥30 mm; R in V 5 or V 6 ≥30 mm; 3 ST-T Abnormalities: ST-T vector opposite to QRS without digitalis; ST-T vector opposite to QRS with digitalis; 3 1 Negative terminal P mode in V 1 1 mm in depth and 0.04 sec in duration (indicates left atrial enlargement) 3 Left axis deviation (QRS of −30° or more) 2 QRS duration ≥0.09 ...
People who have a normal ECG and who are able to exercise, for example, do not merit routine imaging. [13] Imaging tests such as stress radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging or stress echocardiography can confirm a diagnosis when a person's history, physical exam, ECG and cardiac biomarkers suggest the likelihood of a problem. [13]
[2] [3] The major way health care providers examine the heart on physical exam is heart auscultation; [3] another clinical technique is palpation, which can detect by touch when such turbulence causes the vibrations called cardiac thrill. [4] A murmur is a sign found during the cardiac exam. Murmurs are of various types and are important in the ...
A split S2 is a finding upon auscultation of the S2 heart sound. [1] It is caused when the closure of the aortic valve (A 2) and the closure of the pulmonary valve (P 2) are not synchronized during inspiration. The second heart sound (S2) is caused by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves, which causes vibration of the valve leaflets ...
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Pulsus alternans is diagnosed by first palpating the radial or femoral arteries, feeling for a regular rhythm but alternating strong and weak pulses. Next, a blood pressure cuff is used to confirm the finding: the cuff is elevated past systolic pressure and then slowly lowered cuff towards the systolic level.