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For algorithms describing how to calculate the remainder, see division algorithm.) The remainder, as defined above, is called the least positive remainder or simply the remainder. [2] The integer a is either a multiple of d, or lies in the interval between consecutive multiples of d, namely, q⋅d and (q + 1)d (for positive q).
Modular exponentiation is the remainder when an integer b (the base) is raised to the power e (the exponent), and divided by a positive integer m (the modulus); that is, c = b e mod m. From the definition of division, it follows that 0 ≤ c < m. For example, given b = 5, e = 3 and m = 13, dividing 5 3 = 125 by 13 leaves a remainder of c = 8.
The number 1 (expressed as a fraction 1/1) is placed at the root of the tree, and the location of any other number a/b can be found by computing gcd(a,b) using the original form of the Euclidean algorithm, in which each step replaces the larger of the two given numbers by its difference with the smaller number (not its remainder), stopping when ...
17 is divided into 3 groups of 5, with 2 as leftover. Here, the dividend is 17, the divisor is 3, the quotient is 5, and the remainder is 2 (which is strictly smaller than the divisor 3), or more symbolically, 17 = (3 × 5) + 2.
Mathematically, the integer between 0 and N − 1 that is congruent to ab can be expressed by applying the Euclidean division theorem: = +, where q is the quotient ⌊ / ⌋ and r, the remainder, is in the interval [0, N − 1]. The remainder r is ab mod N.
Long division is the standard algorithm used for pen-and-paper division of multi-digit numbers expressed in decimal notation. It shifts gradually from the left to the right end of the dividend, subtracting the largest possible multiple of the divisor (at the digit level) at each stage; the multiples then become the digits of the quotient, and the final difference is then the remainder.
Start by setting [4] = = = + Then iterate + = + + = (+) + + = (+ +) + + + Then p k converges quadratically to π; that is, each iteration approximately doubles the number of correct digits.The algorithm is not self-correcting; each iteration must be performed with the desired number of correct digits for π 's final result.
Animation showing the use of synthetic division to find the quotient of + + + by .Note that there is no term in , so the fourth column from the right contains a zero.. In algebra, synthetic division is a method for manually performing Euclidean division of polynomials, with less writing and fewer calculations than long division.