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Equine EPM is caused by the parasites that exhibit SAG1, SAG5, and SAG6. SAG1 and SAG5 are responsible for the majority of EPM cases in horses. Horses produce antibodies to these surface antigens. Serum antibody testing is available that measures levels of these antibodies in the blood of horses, which is helpful in diagnosing EPM in an ataxic ...
Neospora hughesi is an obligate protozoan apicomplexan parasite that causes myelitis and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) in horses, and has only been documented in North America. [1] EPM is a neurological disease from lesions in the spinal cord , brain stem , or brain from parasites such as N. hughesi or Sarcocystis neurona . [ 2 ]
Early clinical signs of EPM include stumbling and frequent interference, which can often be mistaken for lameness of thoracic and/or pelvic limbs in horses. In horses, the disease often progresses gradually and includes clinical signs such as ataxia. In some horses mild clinical signs may herald a rapidly progressive disease course.
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Ponazuril (), sold by Merial, Inc., [1] now part of Boehringer Ingelheim, [2] under the trade name Marquis (15% w/w ponazuril), is a drug currently approved for the treatment of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) in horses, caused by coccidia Sarcocystis neurona.
The horse's shoeing can also provide clues to the examiner. The application of corrective shoes or pads may indicate past problems requiring special shoeing. This can be especially helpful during the pre-purchase exam, when the lameness history of the horse may not be readily available. Digital pulse evaluation is important when addressing the ...
Horses can also differentiate between human voices and associate a voice heard through a speaker with the person when they hear it in real life. [71] They link voices with past experiences, whether positive or negative. [S 121] Furthermore, horses can recognize emotions expressed through human facial expressions and vocalizations and respond ...
Plants can cause reactions ranging from laminitis (found in horses bedded on shavings from black walnut trees), anemia, kidney disease and kidney failure (from eating the wilted leaves of red maples), to cyanide poisoning (from the ingestion of plant matter from members of the genus Prunus) and other symptoms.