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In metallurgy, cold forming or cold working is any metalworking process in which metal is shaped below its recrystallization temperature, usually at the ambient temperature.. Such processes are contrasted with hot working techniques like hot rolling, forging, welding, etc. [1]: p.375 The same or similar terms are used in glassmaking for the equivalents; for example cut glass is made by "cold ...
Cold working generally results in a higher yield strength as a result of the increased number of dislocations and the Hall–Petch effect of the sub-grains, and a decrease in ductility. The effects of cold working may be reversed by annealing the material at high temperatures where recovery and recrystallization reduce the dislocation density.
Hot working or cold working after the annealing process alters the metal structure, so further heat treatments may be used to achieve the properties required. With knowledge of the composition and phase diagram , heat treatment can be used to adjust from harder and more brittle to softer and more ductile.
Thus, the process may be introduced as a deliberate step in metals processing or may be an undesirable byproduct of another processing step. The most important industrial uses are softening of metals previously hardened or rendered brittle by cold work, and control of the grain structure in the final product. Recrystallization temperature is ...
In terms of usage, hot rolling processes more tonnage than any other manufacturing process, and cold rolling processes the most tonnage out of all cold working processes. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Roll stands holding pairs of rolls are grouped together into rolling mills that can quickly process metal, typically steel , into products such as structural steel ...
In materials science, creep (sometimes called cold flow) is the tendency of a solid material to undergo slow deformation while subject to persistent mechanical stresses. It can occur as a result of long-term exposure to high levels of stress that are still below the yield strength of the material. Creep is more severe in materials that are ...
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[1] [2] The process of wire drawing changes material properties due to cold working. The area reduction in small wires is generally 15–25% and in larger wires is 20–45%. [1] The exact die sequence for a particular job is a function of area reduction, input wire size and output wire size. As the area reduction changes, so does the die ...