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  2. Molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_geometry

    Molecular geometry is the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms that constitute a molecule. It includes the general shape of the molecule as well as bond lengths , bond angles , torsional angles and any other geometrical parameters that determine the position of each atom.

  3. Square planar molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_planar_molecular...

    Representative d-orbital splitting diagrams for square planar complexes featuring σ-donor (left) and σ+π-donor (right) ligands. A general d-orbital splitting diagram for square planar (D 4h) transition metal complexes can be derived from the general octahedral (O h) splitting diagram, in which the d z 2 and the d x 2 −y 2 orbitals are degenerate and higher in energy than the degenerate ...

  4. VSEPR theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSEPR_theory

    The overall geometry is further refined by distinguishing between bonding and nonbonding electron pairs. The bonding electron pair shared in a sigma bond with an adjacent atom lies further from the central atom than a nonbonding (lone) pair of that atom, which is held close to its positively charged nucleus. VSEPR theory therefore views ...

  5. Bent's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent's_rule

    [11] [12] This electron distance maximization happens to achieve the most stable electron distribution. [11] [12] The result of VSEPR theory is being able to predict bond angles with accuracy. According to VSEPR theory, the geometry of a molecule can be predicted by counting how many electron pairs and atoms are connected to a central atom.

  6. Orbital hybridisation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation

    Chemist Linus Pauling first developed the hybridisation theory in 1931 to explain the structure of simple molecules such as methane (CH 4) using atomic orbitals. [2] Pauling pointed out that a carbon atom forms four bonds by using one s and three p orbitals, so that "it might be inferred" that a carbon atom would form three bonds at right angles (using p orbitals) and a fourth weaker bond ...

  7. Lewis structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_structure

    Lewis structure of a water molecule. Lewis structures – also called Lewis dot formulas, Lewis dot structures, electron dot structures, or Lewis electron dot structures (LEDs) – are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule, as well as the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule.

  8. Sulfur tetrafluoride - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_tetrafluoride

    Sulfur in SF 4 is in the +4 oxidation state, with one lone pair of electrons. The atoms in SF 4 are arranged in a see-saw shape, with the sulfur atom at the center.One of the three equatorial positions is occupied by a nonbonding lone pair of electrons.

  9. Electron configurations of the elements (data page) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configurations_of...

    As an approximate rule, electron configurations are given by the Aufbau principle and the Madelung rule. However there are numerous exceptions; for example the lightest exception is chromium, which would be predicted to have the configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 4 4s 2 , written as [Ar] 3d 4 4s 2 , but whose actual configuration given ...