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  2. Null coalescing operator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_coalescing_operator

    The null coalescing operator is a binary operator that is part of the syntax for a basic conditional expression in several programming languages, such as (in alphabetical order): C# [1] since version 2.0, [2] Dart [3] since version 1.12.0, [4] PHP since version 7.0.0, [5] Perl since version 5.10 as logical defined-or, [6] PowerShell since 7.0.0, [7] and Swift [8] as nil-coalescing operator.

  3. Python syntax and semantics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics

    In all versions of Python, boolean operators treat zero values or empty values such as "", 0, None, 0.0, [], and {} as false, while in general treating non-empty, non-zero values as true. The boolean values True and False were added to the language in Python 2.2.1 as constants (subclassed from 1 and 0 ) and were changed to be full blown ...

  4. Null object pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_object_pattern

    In object-oriented computer programming, a null object is an object with no referenced value or with defined neutral (null) behavior.The null object design pattern, which describes the uses of such objects and their behavior (or lack thereof), was first published as "Void Value" [1] and later in the Pattern Languages of Program Design book series as "Null Object".

  5. Null-terminated string - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null-terminated_string

    This allows the string to contain NUL and made finding the length need only one memory access (O(1) (constant) time), but limited string length to 255 characters. C designer Dennis Ritchie chose to follow the convention of null-termination to avoid the limitation on the length of a string and because maintaining the count seemed, in his ...

  6. Option type - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Option_type

    In programming languages (especially functional programming languages) and type theory, an option type or maybe type is a polymorphic type that represents encapsulation of an optional value; e.g., it is used as the return type of functions which may or may not return a meaningful value when they are applied.

  7. String literal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_literal

    For example, in Python, raw strings are preceded by an r or R – compare 'C:\\Windows' with r'C:\Windows' (though, a Python raw string cannot end in an odd number of backslashes). Python 2 also distinguishes two types of strings: 8-bit ASCII ("bytes") strings (the default), explicitly indicated with a b or B prefix, and Unicode strings ...

  8. Kleene star - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleene_star

    If is a set of strings, then is defined as the smallest superset of that contains the empty string and is closed under the string concatenation operation. If V {\\displaystyle V} is a set of symbols or characters, then V ∗ {\\displaystyle V^{*}} is the set of all strings over symbols in V {\\displaystyle V} , including the empty string ε ...

  9. Safe navigation operator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_navigation_operator

    However, a key difference is that when ? encounters a None value, it doesn't evaluate to None. Instead, it behaves like a return statement, causing the enclosing function or closure to immediately return None. The Option methods map() and and_then() can be used for safe navigation, but this option is more verbose than a safe navigation operator: