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Progressive bifocal chorioretinal atrophy, also known for its abbreviations PBCRA or CRAPB, [1] is a rare, slowly progressive, autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by relatively large-sized atrophic hole-shaped lesions in the macular and nasal retina, myopia, low visual acuity, and nystagmus.
Recently, central serous chorioretinopathy has been understood to be part of the pachychoroid spectrum. [5] [6] In pachychoroid spectrum disorders, of which CSR represents stage II, the choroid, the highly vascularized layer below the retina, is thickened and congested with increased blood vessel diameter, especially in the deep choroid (the so-called Haller's layer).
Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS) is a syndrome affecting the eye, which is characterized by peripheral atrophic chorioretinal scars, atrophy or scarring adjacent to the optic disc and maculopathy. The loss of vision in POHS is caused by choroidal neovascularization.
Cherry red spot in a person with central retinal artery occlusion. Central retinal artery occlusion is characterized by painless, acute vision loss in one eye. [1] Upon fundoscopic exam, one would expect to find: cherry-red spot (90%) (a morphologic description in which the normally red background of the choroid is sharply outlined by the swollen opaque retina in the central retina), retinal ...
The optic nerve can be damaged when exposed to direct or indirect injury. Direct optic nerve injuries are caused by trauma to the head or orbit that crosses normal tissue planes and disrupts the anatomy and function of the optic nerve; e.g., a bullet or forceps that physically injures the optic nerve.
In some cases—approximately 20% of the population—there is a branch of the ciliary circulation called the cilio-retinal artery which supplies the retina between the macula and the optic nerve, including the nerve fibers from the foveal photoreceptors. If this artery is present, the central vision will be preserved even in case of central ...
Malignant hypertension can cause ischemia of the optic nerve head leading to transient monocular visual loss. [32] Drug abuse-related intravascular emboli [8] Iatrogenic: Amaurosis fugax can present as a complication following carotid endarterectomy, carotid angiography, cardiac catheterization, and cardiac bypass. [29]
Two main surgical procedures are used for the treatment of IIH: optic nerve sheath decompression and fenestration and cerebral shunting. Surgery would normally only be offered if medical therapy is either unsuccessful or not tolerated. [7] [9] The choice between these two procedures depends on the predominant problem in IIH. Neither procedure ...
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