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Glycolic acid is the major metabolite of ethylene glycol responsible for toxicity. The three main systems affected by ethylene glycol poisoning are the central nervous system, metabolic processes, and the kidneys. [7] The central nervous system is affected early in the course of poisoning as the result of a direct action of ethylene glycol.
Methanol toxicity (also methanol poisoning) is poisoning from methanol, characteristically via ingestion. [1] Symptoms may include an altered/decreased level of consciousness, poor or no coordination, vomiting, abdominal pain, and a specific smell on the breath. [1] [2] Decreased vision may start as early as twelve hours after exposure. [2]
Thiamine is effective for treatment of Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome as well as ethylene glycol ingestion. For ethylene glycol, thiamine helps by preventing synthesis of the glycol's metabolites. Overall, thiamine does not cause as notable issues in the cocktail, but patients can be sensitive to it nonetheless.
Ethylene glycol has relatively high mammalian toxicity when ingested, roughly on par with methanol, with an oral LD Lo = 786 mg/kg for humans. [30] The major danger is due to its sweet taste, which can attract children and animals. Upon ingestion, ethylene glycol is oxidized to glycolic acid, which is, in turn, oxidized to oxalic acid, which is ...
Acute toxicity describes the adverse effects of a substance that result either from a single exposure [1] or from multiple exposures in a short period of time (usually less than 24 hours). [ 2 ] To be described as acute toxicity, the adverse effects should occur within 14 days of the administration of the substance.
It may also result from alcohol excess and from starvation; in both states the glucose level is normal or low. Metabolic acidosis may occur in people with diabetes for other reasons, such as poisoning with ethylene glycol or paraldehyde. [3] The American Diabetes Association categorizes DKA in adults into one of three stages of severity: [3]
The major cause of ethylene glycol toxicity is the accumulation of glycolic acid in the body, [18] but accumulation of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidneys can also lead to acute kidney failure. [17] In the case of DEG, calcium oxalate crystal are not deposited in the kidneys, implying that ethylene glycol is not on the DEG metabolic pathway.
The toxic effects of ingesting ethylene glycol occur because it is converted by the liver into 4 other chemicals that are much more toxic. The lethal dose of pure ethylene glycol is 1.4 ml/kg (3 US fluid ounces (90 ml) is lethal to a 140-pound (64 kg) person) but is much less lethal if treated within an hour. [9] (see Ethylene glycol poisoning).