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The Gregorian calendar did not exist before October 15, 1582. Gregorian dates before that are proleptic, that is, using the Gregorian rules to reckon backward from October 15, 1582. Years are given in astronomical year numbering. Augustus corrected errors in the observance of leap years by omitting leap days until AD 8.
The Gregorian calendar has the same months and month lengths as the Julian calendar, but, in the Gregorian calendar, year numbers evenly divisible by 100 are not leap years, except that those evenly divisible by 400 remain leap years [34] (even then, the Gregorian calendar diverges from astronomical observations by one day in 3,030 years). [32]
The Gregorian calendar is the calendar used in most parts of the world. [1] [a] It went into effect in October 1582 following the papal bull Inter gravissimas issued by Pope Gregory XIII, which introduced it as a modification of, and replacement for, the Julian calendar.
At Jefferson's birth, the difference was eleven days between the Julian and Gregorian calendars and so his birthday of 2 April in the Julian calendar is 13 April in the Gregorian calendar. Similarly, George Washington is now officially reported as having been born on 22 February 1732, rather than on 11 February 1731/32 (Julian calendar). [26]
For explanation, see the article about the Gregorian calendar. Except where stated otherwise, the transition was a move by the civil authorities from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar. In religious sources it could be that the Julian calendar was used for a longer period of time, in particular by Protestant and Eastern Orthodox churches. The ...
Sweden's transition to the Gregorian calendar was difficult and protracted. Sweden started to make the change from the Julian calendar and towards the Gregorian calendar in 1700, but it was decided to make the (then 11-day) adjustment gradually by excluding the leap days (29 February) from each of 11 successive leap years, 1700 to 1740.
Astronomers use the Julian calendar for years before 1582, including the year 0, and the Gregorian calendar for years after 1582, as exemplified by Jacques Cassini (1740), [2] Simon Newcomb (1898) [3] and Fred Espenak (2007). [4] The prefix AD and the suffixes CE, BC or BCE (Common Era, Before Christ or Before Common Era) are dropped. [1]
The term Julian date may also refer, outside of astronomy, to the day-of-year number (more properly, the ordinal date) in the Gregorian calendar, especially in computer programming, the military and the food industry, [10] or it may refer to dates in the Julian calendar. For example, if a given "Julian date" is "October 5, 1582", this means ...