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The microbiome is another term for microbiota or can refer to the collected genomes. Many of these microorganisms interact with the host in ways that are beneficial and often play an integral role in processes like digestion and immunity. [ 1 ]
The microbiome is defined as a characteristic microbial community occupying a reasonable well-defined habitat which has distinct physio-chemical properties. The microbiome not only refers to the microorganisms involved but also encompass their theatre of activity, which results in the formation of specific ecological niches.
QIIME (English: / tʃ aɪ m / ch-eye-m) [1] is a bioinformatics data science platform, originally developed for analysis of high-throughput microbiome marker gene (e.g., 16S or 18S rRNA genes) amplicon sequencing data. There have been two major versions of the QIIME platform, QIIME 1 [2] and QIIME 2. [3]
They are found in water, soil, air, as the microbiome of an organism, hot springs and even deep beneath the Earth's crust in rocks. [48] The number of prokaryotes is estimated to be around five nonillion, or 5 × 10 30, accounting for at least half the biomass on Earth. [49] The biodiversity of the prokaryotes is unknown, but may be very large.
The microbiome and host emerged during evolution as a synergistic unit from epigenetics and genetic characteristics, sometimes collectively referred to as a holobiont. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The presence of microbiota in human and other metazoan guts has been critical for understanding the co-evolution between metazoans and bacteria.
The historical application of biotechnology throughout time is provided below in chronological order.. These discoveries, inventions and modifications are evidence of the application of biotechnology since before the common era and describe notable events in the research, development and regulation of biotechnology.
This is part of the Human Microbiome initiative with primary goals to determine if there is a core human microbiome, to understand the changes in the human microbiome that can be correlated with human health, and to develop new technological and bioinformatics tools to support these goals. [100]
Human microbiota plays a central role in health and diseases and disruption of the microbiome leads to dysbiosis (the relationship between microbiota and host is linked to illnesses etc.). [10] Unlike other human microbiomes, the oral microbiome is in dysbiosis causing disease in a majority of people in their lifetime. [3]