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The ischial tuberosity (or tuberosity of the ischium, tuber ischiadicum), also known colloquially as the sit bones or sitz bones, [1] or as a pair the sitting bones, [2] is a large posterior bony protuberance on the superior ramus of the ischium. It marks the lateral boundary of the pelvic outlet.
These fractures occur at tubercles (bony projections that lack secondary ossification centers). Avulsion fractures occur where muscles are attached: anterior superior and inferior iliac spines, ischial tuberosities, and ischiopubic rami. A small part of bone with a piece of a tendon or ligament attached is avulsed (torn away). [3]
The ischiopubic ramus is a compound structure consisting of the following two structures: from the pubis, the bones inferior pubic ramus; from the ischium, the inferior ramus of the ischium; It forms the inferior border of the obturator foramen and serves as part of the origin for the obturator internus and externus muscles.
These terms are derived from tuber (Latin: swelling)., [8] as is also protuberance, which occasionally is synonymous with "tuberosity". A ramus (Latin: branch) refers to an extension of bone, [9] such as the ramus of the mandible in the jaw or superior pubic ramus. Ramus may also be used to refer to nerves, such as the ramus communicans.
It runs from the sacrum (the lower transverse sacral tubercles, the inferior margins sacrum and the upper coccyx [1]) to the tuberosity of the ischium. It is a remnant of part of biceps femoris muscle. The sacrotuberous ligament is attached by its broad base to the posterior superior iliac spine, the posterior sacroiliac ligaments (with which ...
The obturator foramen is situated inferior and somewhat anterior to the acetabulum.It is bounded by the pubis bone and the ischium: superiorly by the (grooved obturator surface) of the superior ramus of pubis, inferiorly by the ramus of ischium, and laterally by (the anterior edge of) the body of ischium (including by the margin of the acetabulum).
The pubic tubercle is a prominent forward-projecting tubercle on the upper border of the medial portion of the superior ramus of the pubis bone. The inguinal ligament attaches to it. [1] Part of the abdominal external oblique muscle inserts onto it. [1]
The subpubic angle (or pubic angle) is the angle in the human body as the apex of the pubic arch, formed by the convergence of the inferior rami of the ischium and pubis on either side. The subpubic angle is important in forensic anthropology , in determining the sex of someone from skeletal remains.