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The interior of the Apollo PLSS Diagram of the A7L PLSS and OPS, with interfaces to the astronaut and the Lunar Module cabin. The portable life support system used in the Apollo lunar landing missions used lithium hydroxide to remove the carbon dioxide from the breathing air, and circulated water in an open loop through a liquid-cooled garment, expelling the water into space, where it turned ...
The Apollo EMUs consisted of a Pressure Suit Assembly (PSA) aka "suit" and a Portable Life Support System (PLSS) that was more commonly called the "backpack". [3] The A7L was the PSA model used on the Apollo 7 through 14 missions. [4] The subsequent Apollo 15-17 lunar missions, [5] Skylab, [6] and Apollo–Soyuz used A7LB pressure suits. [7]
In the early 1950s, Siegfried Hansen and colleagues at Litton Industries designed and built a working hard-shell suit, which was used inside vacuum chambers and was the predecessor of space suits used in NASA missions. [14] Navy Mark IV high-altitude/vacuum suit – used for Project Mercury (1961–1963).
Liquid oxygen is the liquid form of molecular oxygen. It has a density of 1.141 kilograms per litre (71.2 lb/cu ft), slightly denser than liquid water, and is cryogenic with a freezing point of 54.36 K (−218.79 °C; −361.82 °F) and a boiling point of 90.19 K (−182.96 °C; −297.33 °F) at 1 bar (15 psi).
In an atmosphere that may be oxygen-deficient, or toxic, an air supply can be carried on the back. A breathing apparatus or breathing set is equipment which allows a person to breathe in a hostile environment where breathing would otherwise be impossible, difficult, harmful, or hazardous, or assists a person to breathe.
Furthermore, oxygen toxicity becomes a factor at high oxygen concentrations. For this reason, most modern crewed spacecraft use conventional air (nitrogen/oxygen) atmospheres and use pure oxygen only in pressure suits during extravehicular activity where acceptable suit flexibility mandates the lowest inflation pressure possible.
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