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The atlas is the topmost vertebra and the axis (the vertebra below it) forms the joint connecting the skull and spine. The atlas and axis are specialized to allow a greater range of motion than normal vertebrae. They are responsible for the nodding and rotation movements of the head.
In humans, cervical vertebrae are the smallest of the true vertebrae and can be readily distinguished from those of the thoracic or lumbar regions by the presence of a foramen (hole) in each transverse process, through which the vertebral artery, vertebral veins, and inferior cervical ganglion pass. The remainder of this article focuses upon ...
The spinal nerves arise from the spinal column. The top section of the spine is the cervical section, which contains nerves that innervate muscles of the head, neck and thoracic cavity, as well as transmit sensory information to the CNS. The cervical spine section contains seven vertebrae, C-1 through C-7, and eight nerve pairs, C-1 through C-8.
Vertebral compartment contains the cervical vertebrae with cartilaginous discs between each vertebral body. The alignment of the vertebrae defines the shape of the human neck. [ 5 ] As the vertebrae bound the spinal canal, the cervical portion of the spinal cord is also found within the neck.
At 40 centimetres (16 in) long, the skull of Lishulong is larger than any other sauropodomorph from the Lufeng Formation. The cervical vertebrae are very large and elongated; the centrum of the first preserved cervical vertebra (the axis) is 16.3 centimetres (6.4 in) long, and the centrum of the last preserved cervical vertebra (the tenth consecutive bone in the series) is 19.9 centimetres (7. ...
The thoracic vertebrae number between five and ten, and the first thoracic vertebra is distinguishable due to the fusion of its attached rib to the sternum while the ribs of cervical vertebrae are free. [7] Anterior thoracic vertebrae are fused in many birds and articulate with the notarium of the pectoral girdle. [13]
They allow for flexion and extension and limit lateral flexion in the cervical spine. Pathological processes that can occur in these joints include degenerative changes or hypertrophic arthritis, resulting in foraminal stenosis and nerve compression. Foraminal stenosis at this joint is the most common cause of cervical nerve root pressure.
Arises from the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae 1-4, and attaches to the upper part of the inner border of the scapula. [3] Elevates the scapula. [3] latissimus dorsi: A large muscle that arises from the spinous processes of the lower six thoracic vertebrae, lumbar and all sacral vertebrae, and posterior iliac crest.