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  2. Proportionality (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)

    Given such a constant k, the proportionality relation ∝ with proportionality constant k between two sets A and B is the equivalence relation defined by {(,): =}. A direct proportionality can also be viewed as a linear equation in two variables with a y -intercept of 0 and a slope of k > 0, which corresponds to linear growth .

  3. Gallagher index - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallagher_index

    The first publication of the use of least squares in measuring the dis-proportionality of election outcomes was by Michael Gallagher in 1991 [7] in which he writes: "These [election] indices were originally outlined in Markku Laakso and Rein Taagepera, ‘ “Effective” number of parties: a measure with application to west Europe’, Comparative Political Studies 12:1 (1979), pp. 3–27 ...

  4. Seats-to-votes ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seats-to-votes_ratio

    The seats-to-votes ratio is used as the basis for the Gallagher index method of analyzing proportionality or disproportionality. Related is the votes-per-seat-won, [3] which is inverse to the seats-to-votes ratio. Also related are the principles of one man one vote and representation by population.

  5. Ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio

    The ratio of width to height of standard-definition television. In mathematics, a ratio (/ ˈ r eɪ ʃ (i) oʊ /) shows how many times one number contains another. For example, if there are eight oranges and six lemons in a bowl of fruit, then the ratio of oranges to lemons is eight to six (that is, 8:6, which is equivalent to the ratio 4:3).

  6. Intercept theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercept_theorem

    The intercept theorem, also known as Thales's theorem, basic proportionality theorem or side splitter theorem, is an important theorem in elementary geometry about the ratios of various line segments that are created if two rays with a common starting point are intercepted by a pair of parallels.

  7. Proportionality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality

    Proportionality (mathematics), the property of two variables being in a multiplicative relation to a constant; Ratio, of one quantity to another, especially of a part compared to a whole Fraction (mathematics) Aspect ratio or proportions; Proportional division, a kind of fair division; Percentage, a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100

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  9. Droop quota - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droop_quota

    In the study of electoral systems, the Droop quota (sometimes called the Hagenbach-Bischoff) is the minimum number of supporters a party or candidate needs to receive in a district to guarantee they will win at least one seat in a legislature.

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