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The service ceiling is the maximum altitude of an aircraft during normal operations. Specifically, it is the density altitude at which flying in a clean configuration , at the best rate of climb airspeed for that altitude and with all engines operating and producing maximum continuous power, will produce a given rate of climb.
All fixed-wing aircraft have a minimum speed at which they can maintain level flight, the stall speed (left limit line in the diagram). As the aircraft gains altitude the stall speed increases; since the wing is not growing any larger the only way to support the aircraft's weight with less air is to increase speed.
The minimum such speed is the stall speed, or V SO. The indicated airspeed at which a fixed-wing aircraft stalls varies with the weight of the aircraft but does not vary significantly with altitude. At speeds close to the stall speed the aircraft's wings are at a high angle of attack. At higher altitudes, the air density is lower than at sea level.
On 25 July 1973, Aleksandr Fedotov reached 35,230 m (115,600 feet) in a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25M with 1,000 kg payload, and 36,240 m (118,900 feet) with no load (an absolute world record). [ 6 ] [ 7 ] In the thin air, the engines flamed out and the aircraft coasted in a ballistic trajectory by inertia alone.
This occurs at the speed where the difference between engine power and the power required to overcome the aircraft's drag is greatest (maximum excess power). [3] V x increases with altitude and V Y decreases with altitude until they converge at the airplane's absolute ceiling, the altitude above which the airplane cannot climb in steady flight.
V X increases with altitude, and V Y decreases with altitude until they converge at the airplane's absolute ceiling. Best angle of climb (BAOC) airspeed for an airplane is the speed at which the maximum excess thrust is available. Excess thrust is the difference between the total drag of the aircraft, and the thrust output of the powerplant ...
The Tomahawk was introduced in 1977 as a 1978 model. The aircraft was in continuous production until 1982 when production ended, with 2,484 aircraft built. The 1981 and 1982 models were designated as the Tomahawk II. They incorporated improved cabin heating and windshield defroster performance, an improved elevator trim system, improved engine ...
The rate of change of aircraft mass with distance is = =, where is the speed), so that = It follows that the range is obtained from the definite integral below, with t 1 {\displaystyle t_{1}} and t 2 {\displaystyle t_{2}} the start and finish times respectively and W 1 {\displaystyle W_{1}} and W 2 {\displaystyle W_{2}} the initial and final ...