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The service ceiling is the maximum altitude of an aircraft during normal operations. Specifically, it is the density altitude at which flying in a clean configuration , at the best rate of climb airspeed for that altitude and with all engines operating and producing maximum continuous power, will produce a given rate of climb.
This maximum altitude is known as the service ceiling (top limit line in the diagram), and is often quoted for aircraft performance. The area where the altitude for a given speed can no longer be increased at level flight is known as zero rate of climb and is caused by the lift of the aircraft getting smaller at higher altitudes, until it no ...
The minimum such speed is the stall speed, or V SO. The indicated airspeed at which a fixed-wing aircraft stalls varies with the weight of the aircraft but does not vary significantly with altitude. At speeds close to the stall speed the aircraft's wings are at a high angle of attack. At higher altitudes, the air density is lower than at sea level.
This occurs at the speed where the difference between engine power and the power required to overcome the aircraft's drag is greatest (maximum excess power). [3] V x increases with altitude and V Y decreases with altitude until they converge at the airplane's absolute ceiling, the altitude above which the airplane cannot climb in steady flight.
The minimum speed that the aircraft is still controllable with the critical engine inoperative [21] while the aircraft is on the ground. V MCL: Minimum control speed in the landing configuration with one engine inoperative. [9] [21] V MO: Maximum operating limit speed. [7] [8] [9] Exceeding V MO may trigger an overspeed alarm. [22] V MU ...
In consequence of Bernoulli's principle, the different speeds of the air result in different pressures at different positions on the aircraft's surface. [3] The ideal position for a static port is a position where the local air pressure in flight is always equal to the pressure remote from the aircraft, however there is no position on an ...
The rate of change of aircraft mass with distance is = =, where is the speed), so that = It follows that the range is obtained from the definite integral below, with t 1 {\displaystyle t_{1}} and t 2 {\displaystyle t_{2}} the start and finish times respectively and W 1 {\displaystyle W_{1}} and W 2 {\displaystyle W_{2}} the initial and final ...
Airspeed is commonly given in knots (kn). Since 2010, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) recommends using kilometers per hour (km/h) for airspeed (and meters per second for wind speed on runways), but allows using the de facto standard of knots, and has no set date on when to stop.