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This worsening situation for railroad workers led to strikes against many railroads, culminating in the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, involving over 100,000 people in multiple cities. [41] The Great Strike began on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, in response to the cutting of wages for the second time in a year by the B&O Railroad.
American researchers made fundamental advances in telecommunications and information technology. For example, AT&T 's Bell Laboratories spearheaded the American technological revolution with a series of inventions including the light emitting diode ( LED ), the transistor , the C programming language , and the UNIX computer operating system.
Industrializing America: The Nineteenth Century (1995) Mokyr, Joel The Second Industrial Revolution, 1870–1914 (1998) Mokyr, Joel. The Enlightened Economy: An Economic History of Britain 1700–1850 (2010) Rider, Christine, ed. Encyclopedia of the Age of the Industrial Revolution, 1700–1920 (2 vol. 2007) Roberts, Wayne.
On the Move: A Visual Timeline of Transportation. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-1-56458-880-7. Bruno, Leonard C. (1993). On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation. Gale Research. ISBN 978-0-8103-8396-8. Berger, Michael L. The automobile in American history and culture: a reference guide (Greenwood, 2001). Condit, Carl W.
With the invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1794, American slaveholders had the means to make cotton production significantly more profitable. The era of King Cotton was underway by the early 1800s to such an extent that by the mid-19th century, southern slave plantations supplied 75% of the world's cotton. The introduction of the ...
Internal improvements is the term used historically in the United States for public works from the end of the American Revolution through much of the 19th century, mainly for the creation of a transportation infrastructure: roads, turnpikes, canals, harbors and navigation improvements. [1]
Economic modernization proceeded rapidly, thanks to highly profitable cotton crops in the South, new textile and machine-making industries in the Northeast, and a fast developing transportation infrastructure. Breaking loose from European models, the Americans developed their own high culture, notably in literature and in higher education.
Overall, government land grants to Western US railroads during the 1850s to 1880s played a crucial role in shaping the economic, social, and geographic landscape of the United States, laying the foundation for much of the nation's modern transportation infrastructure and facilitating the westward expansion of settlement and industry.