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  2. Zenith - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith

    In astronomy, the altitude in the horizontal coordinate system and the zenith angle are complementary angles, with the horizon perpendicular to the zenith. The astronomical meridian is also determined by the zenith, and is defined as a circle on the celestial sphere that passes through the zenith, nadir, and the celestial poles.

  3. Solar zenith angle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_zenith_angle

    It is the complement to the solar altitude or solar elevation, which is the altitude angle or elevation angle between the sun’s rays and a horizontal plane. [1] [2] At solar noon, the zenith angle is at a minimum and is equal to latitude minus solar declination angle. This is the basis by which ancient mariners navigated the oceans. [3]

  4. Solar azimuth angle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_azimuth_angle

    The solar azimuth angle is the azimuth (horizontal angle with respect to north) of the Sun's position. [1] [2] [3] This horizontal coordinate defines the Sun's relative direction along the local horizon, whereas the solar zenith angle (or its complementary angle solar elevation) defines the Sun's apparent altitude.

  5. Horizontal coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_coordinate_system

    The pole of the upper hemisphere is called the zenith. The pole of the lower hemisphere is called the nadir. [5] The following are two independent horizontal angular coordinates: Altitude (alt.), sometimes referred to as elevation (el.) or apparent height, is the angle between the object and the observer's local horizon. For visible objects, it ...

  6. Astrolabe - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe

    The three concentric circles on the tympanum are useful for determining the exact moments of solstices and equinoxes throughout the year: if the sun's altitude at noon on the rete is known and coincides with the outer circle of the tympanum (Tropic of Capricorn), it signifies the winter solstice (the sun will be at the zenith for an observer at ...

  7. Geodetic coordinates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetic_coordinates

    Geodetic latitude and geocentric latitude have different definitions. Geodetic latitude is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and the surface normal at a point on the ellipsoid, whereas geocentric latitude is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and a radial line connecting the centre of the ellipsoid to a point on the surface (see figure).

  8. Talk:Zenith - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Zenith

    Altitude or elevation are the usual terms used to refer to the angle between an object and the horizon. For example, the article Horizontal coordinate system uses altitude . Sometimes the qualifier above the horizon is used when there is a possibility of confusion between the height above the horizon and above sea level.

  9. Atmospheric refraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_refraction

    Atmospheric refraction of the light from a star is zero in the zenith, less than 1′ (one arc-minute) at 45° apparent altitude, and still only 5.3′ at 10° altitude; it quickly increases as altitude decreases, reaching 9.9′ at 5° altitude, 18.4′ at 2° altitude, and 35.4′ at the horizon; [4] all values are for 10 °C and 1013.25 hPa ...