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In economics, income distribution covers how a country's total GDP is distributed amongst its population. [1] Economic theory and economic policy have long seen income and its distribution as a central concern. Unequal distribution of income causes economic inequality which is a concern in almost all countries around the world. [2] [3]
It has been used as an input for testing theories explaining the distribution of income, for example human capital theory and the theory of economic discrimination (Becker, 1993, 1971). In welfare economics , a level of feasible output possibilities is commonly distinguished from the distribution of income for those output possibilities.
Income distribution has always been a central concern of economic theory and economic policy. Classical economists such as Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo were mainly concerned with factor income distribution, that is, the distribution of income between the main factors of production, land, labour and capital.
Buildings in Rio de Janeiro, demonstrating economic inequality. Effects of income inequality, researchers have found, include higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, [1] a lower population-wide satisfaction and happiness [2] [3] and even a lower level of economic growth when human capital is neglected for high-end consumption. [4]
"Mr. Keynes and the Rate of Interest", 1940, in Essays in Monetary Theory; Essays in Monetary Theory, 1940. "Wage Grumbles", 1949 in Readings in the Theory of Income Distribution. Utility and All That, 1952. Britain in the World Economy, 1954. Economic Commentaries, 1956. Lectures on Economic Principles, 1957–9. Growth, Wages, Money, 1961.
A practical example of a Lorenz curve: the Lorenz curves of Denmark, Hungary, and Namibia. A Lorenz curve always starts at (0,0) and ends at (1,1). The Lorenz curve is not defined if the mean of the probability distribution is zero or infinite. The Lorenz curve for a probability distribution is a continuous function. However, Lorenz curves ...
Transformation problem: The transformation problem is the problem specific to Marxist economics, and not to economics in general, of finding a general rule by which to transform the values of commodities based on socially necessary labour time into the competitive prices of the marketplace. The essential difficulty is how to reconcile profit in ...
to produce a "desired" income distribution. [4] Nixson [5] reports Bitar's [6] argument that there had become a broad consensus on what amounted to the neostructuralist approach. This included the recognition of: the importance of political and institutional factors in the analysis of economic problems.