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Dermanyssus gallinae (also known as the red mite) is a haematophagous ectoparasite of poultry.It has been implicated as a vector of several major pathogenic diseases. [1] [2] Despite its common names, it has a wide range of hosts including several species of wild birds and mammals, including humans, where the condition it causes is called gamasoidosis.
Psittacine beak and feather disease was first described in the early 1980s and has become recognised as the dominant viral pathogen of psittacine birds worldwide. In wild red-rumped grass parakeets (Psephotus haematonotus), a case of feather loss syndrome that was highly suggestive of PBFD was first recorded in South Australia in 1907. [2]
Microsporum gallinae causes a superficial infection [13] that forms white lesions on the wattles and combs of chickens. [ 1 ] [ 10 ] Lesions may spread to the head and neck. [ 2 ] The feathers are normally not affected by the dermatophyte , although some feather loss can occur. [ 1 ]
Poultry diseases occur in poultry, which are domesticated birds kept for their meat, eggs or feathers. [1] Poultry species include the chicken , turkey , duck , goose and ostrich . [ 1 ]
The virus Psittacid alphaherpesvirus 1 is the etiologic agent that causes Pacheco's disease. This virus species is closely related to Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1. [2] It was initially identified as a herpesvirus by examining its virion size, sensitivity to ether, the formation of intranuclear inclusions, its ability to thicken the nuclear membranes of the host cells.
Figure 1. Feathering types in ten-day-old chicks.Left: Fast normal-feathering chick. Right: Delayed-feathering chick carrying sex-linked K gene. Delayed-feathering in chickens is a genetically determined delay in the first weeks of feather growing, which occurs normally among the chicks of many chicken breeds and no longer manifests itself once the chicken completes adult plumage.
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Chickens infected with the disease generally have the following symptoms: pecking at other chickens, high fever, ruffled feathers, trembling and slow walking, found lying together in clumps with their heads sunken towards the ground, diarrhea, yellow and foamy stool, difficulty in excretion, reduced eating or anorexia.