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  2. Effect size - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_size

    In statistics, an effect size is a value measuring the strength of the relationship between two variables in a population, or a sample-based estimate of that quantity. It can refer to the value of a statistic calculated from a sample of data, the value of one parameter for a hypothetical population, or to the equation that operationalizes how statistics or parameters lead to the effect size ...

  3. p-value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-value

    In a significance test, the null hypothesis is rejected if the p-value is less than or equal to a predefined threshold value , which is referred to as the alpha level or significance level. α {\displaystyle \alpha } is not derived from the data, but rather is set by the researcher before examining the data.

  4. Benford's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benford's_law

    The interval [log 1, log 2] is much wider than the interval [log 9, log 10] (0.30 and 0.05 respectively); therefore if log x is uniformly and randomly distributed, it is much more likely to fall into the wider interval than the narrower interval, i.e. more likely to start with 1 than with 9; the probabilities are proportional to the interval ...

  5. Letter frequency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency

    The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...

  6. Young's modulus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young's_modulus

    Young's modulus is the slope of the linear part of the stress–strain curve for a material under tension or compression.. Young's modulus (or Young modulus) is a mechanical property of solid materials that measures the tensile or compressive stiffness when the force is applied lengthwise.

  7. HD 48265 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_48265

    HD 48265 is the Henry Draper Catalogue designation for a star in the southern constellation Puppis.It has an apparent visual magnitude of 8.07, [2] which makes it too faint to be seen with the naked eye.

  8. List of unnumbered trans-Neptunian objects - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unnumbered_trans...

    As of April 2022, there are 3,141 unnumbered objects, defined here as minor planets with a semi-major axis larger than 30.1 AU (Neptune's average orbital distance from the Sun). [ a ] The list also contains information from "Johnston's Archive", such as an object's diameter, its dynamical class and binary status with the satellite's diameter ...

  9. L 98-59 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L_98-59

    L 98-59 (TOI-175, TIC 307210830) is a bright M dwarf star, located in the constellation of Volans, at a distance of 10.608 parsecs (34.60 light-years), as measured by the Gaia spacecraft.