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Six Hox genes are dispersed in the genome of Caenorhabditis elegans, a roundworm. [10]: fig. 3 Hydra and Nematostella vectensis, both in the phylum Cnidaria, have a few Hox/ParaHox-like homeobox genes. [55] [11] Hox gene expression has also been studied in brachiopods, [56] annelids, [57] and a suite of molluscs. [58]
Homeobox protein Hox-C6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXC6 gene. [5] [6] [7] Hox-C6 expression is highest in the fallopian tube and ovary. [8]HoxC6 has been highly expressed in many types of cancers including prostate, breast, and esophageal squamous cell cancer.
HOXC10 is overexpressed in breast cancer and transcriptionally regulated by estrogen via involvement of histone methylases MLL3 and MLL4. [7] Methylation of the estrogen-repressed gene HOXC10 in breast cancer determines resistance to aromatase inhibitors. This epigenetic reprogramming of HOXC10 is observed in endocrine-resistant breast cancer. [8]
The mir-10 genes are found within the Hox gene clusters. In mammals there are four Hox gene clusters, these contain five genes encoding miRNAs (mir-10a, mir-10b, mir-196a-1, mir-196a-2 and mir-196b). The mir-10a gene is located upstream of Hoxb4 and the mir-10b gene is located upstream of Hoxd4. [9]
Hox genes are a subset of the homeobox genes. The Hox genes are often conserved across species, so some of the Hox genes of Drosophila are homologous to those in humans. In general, Hox genes play a role of regulating expression of genes as well as aiding in development and assignment of specific structures during embryonic growth.
This gene and other HOXB genes form a gene cluster on chromosome 17 in the 17q21.32 region. [6] Men who inherit a rare (<0.1% in a selected group of patients without clinical signs of prostate cancer ) genetic variant in HOXB13 (G84E or rs138213197) have a 10-20-fold increased risk of prostate cancer.
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The HOX gene contains four clusters (A, B, C, and D). The sense strand of the HOXA gene codes for proteins. Alternative names for HOXA11-AS lncRNA are: HOXA-AS5, HOXA11S, HOXA11-AS1, HOXA11AS, or NCRNA00076. This gene is 3,885 nucleotides long and resides at chromosome 7 (7p15.2) and is transcribed from an independent gene promoter.