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The Linux kernel includes full PAE-mode support starting with version 2.3.23, [24] in 1999 enabling access of up to 64 GB of memory on 32-bit machines. A PAE-enabled Linux kernel requires that the CPU also support PAE. The Linux kernel supports PAE as a build option and major distributions provide a PAE kernel either as the default or as an option.
The 32-bit PAE desktop kernel (linux-image-generic-pae) in Ubuntu 9.10 and later, also provides the PAE mode needed for hardware with the NX CPU feature. For systems that lack NX hardware, the 32-bit kernels now provide an approximation of the NX CPU feature via software emulation that can help block many exploits an attacker might run from ...
If set, enables debug register based breaks on I/O space access. 4: PSE: Page Size Extension: If set, enables 32-bit paging mode to use 4 MiB huge pages in addition to 4 KiB pages. If PAE is enabled or the processor is in x86-64 long mode this bit is ignored. [14] 5: PAE: Physical Address Extension
The NX bit (no-execute) is a technology used in CPUs to segregate areas of a virtual address space to store either data or processor instructions. An operating system with support for the NX bit may mark certain areas of an address space as non-executable. The processor will then refuse to execute any code residing in these areas of the address ...
Many 32-bit computers have 32 physical address bits and are thus limited to 4 GiB (2 32 words) of memory. [3] [4] x86 processors prior to the Pentium Pro have 32 or fewer physical address bits; however, most x86 processors since the Pentium Pro, which was first sold in 1995, have the Physical Address Extension (PAE) mechanism, [5]: 445 which allows addressing up to 64 GiB (2 36 words) of memory.
An example is a 32-bit x86 processor with 4 GB and without Physical Address Extension (PAE). In this case, the processor is able to address all the RAM installed and no more. However, even in this case, paging can be used to support more virtual memory than physical memory. For instance, many programs may be running concurrently.
DEI proponents worry the pushback could hurt efforts to address longstanding inequities and underrepresentation of diverse communities to the detriment of business interests.
Typically, kernel space programs run in kernel mode, also called supervisor mode; normal applications in user space run in user mode. Some operating systems are single address space operating systems—they have a single address space for all user-mode code. (The kernel-mode code may be in the same address space, or it may be in a second ...