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Positive economics as a science concerns the investigation of economic behavior. [4] It deals with empirical facts as well as cause-and-effect behavioral relationships and emphasizes that economic theories must be consistent with existing observations and produce precise, verifiable predictions about the phenomena under investigation.
Economic rent is viewed as unearned revenue [2] while economic profit is a narrower term describing surplus income earned by choosing between risk-adjusted alternatives. Unlike economic profit, economic rent cannot be theoretically eliminated by competition because any actions the recipient of the income may take such as improving the object to ...
Also called resource cost advantage. The ability of a party (whether an individual, firm, or country) to produce a greater quantity of a good, product, or service than competitors using the same amount of resources. absorption The total demand for all final marketed goods and services by all economic agents resident in an economy, regardless of the origin of the goods and services themselves ...
remuneration reserve - will be used later to pay bonuses to employees or management. translation reserve - arises during consolidation of entities with different reporting currencies; Reserve is the profit achieved by a company where a certain amount of it is put back into the business which can help the business in their rainy days.
Economists distinguish between the supply curve of an individual firm and the market supply curve. The market supply curve shows the total quantity supplied by all firms, so it is the sum of the quantities supplied by all suppliers at each potential price (that is, the individual firms' supply curves are added horizontally).
The area of economics that focuses on production is called production theory, and it is closely related to the consumption(or consumer) theory of economics. [ 2 ] The production process and output directly result from productively utilising the original inputs (or factors of production ). [ 3 ]
Commerce is the organized system of activities, functions, procedures and institutions that directly or indirectly contribute to the smooth, unhindered large-scale distribution and transfer (exchange through buying and selling) of goods and services at the right time, place, quantity, quality and price through various channels among the original producers and the final consumers within local ...
It is usual to distinguish between three time horizons in macroeconomics, each having its own focus on e.g. the determination of output: [5]: 54 the short run (e.g. a few years): Focus is on business cycle fluctuations and changes in aggregate demand which often drive them.