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In the definition of load factor, the lift is not simply that one generated by the aircraft's wing, instead it is the vector sum of the lift generated by the wing, the fuselage and the tailplane, [2]: 395 or in other words it is the component perpendicular to the airflow of the sum of all aerodynamic forces acting on the aircraft.
Newton's second law states that the rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the resultant force acting on the body and is in the same direction. Mathematically, F=ma (force = mass x acceleration). Newton's third law states that all forces occur in pairs, and these two forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
where is the force (positive in compression), is the total surface energy of both surfaces per unit area, and is the equilibrium separation of the two atomic planes. The Bradley model applied the Lennard-Jones potential to find the force of adhesion between two rigid spheres.
Figure 7.1 Plane stress state in a continuum. In continuum mechanics, a material is said to be under plane stress if the stress vector is zero across a particular plane. When that situation occurs over an entire element of a structure, as is often the case for thin plates, the stress analysis is considerably simplified, as the stress state can be represented by a tensor of dimension 2 ...
By Newton's 3rd law if body A exerts a force on body B then B exerts an equal and opposite force on A. This should not be confused with the equal and opposite forces that are necessary to hold a body in equilibrium.) Internal forces. (For example, if an entire truss is being analyzed, the forces between the individual truss members are not ...
For two-dimensional, plane strain problems the strain-displacement relations are = ; = [+] ; = Repeated differentiation of these relations, in order to remove the displacements and , gives us the two-dimensional compatibility condition for strains
For example, in designing a staircase, a dead load factor may be 1.2 times the weight of the structure, and a live load factor may be 1.6 times the maximum expected live load. These two "factored loads" are combined (added) to determine the "required strength" of the staircase.
For powered atmospheric flight, the three main forces which act on a vehicle are propulsive force, aerodynamic force, and gravitation. Other external forces such as centrifugal force , Coriolis force , and solar radiation pressure are generally insignificant due to the relatively short time of powered flight and small size of spacecraft, and ...