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2. Immediate constituent analysis - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immediate_constituent_analysis

   In linguistics, Immediate Constituent Analysis (ICA) is a syntactic theory which focuses on the hierarchical structure of sentences by isolating and identifying the constituents. While the idea of breaking down sentences into smaller components can be traced back to early psychological and linguistic theories, ICA as a formal method was ...

3. Cloze test - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloze_test

   The definition of success in a given cloze test varies, depending on the broader goals behind the exercise. Assessment may depend on whether the exercise is objective (i.e. students are given a list of words to use in a cloze) or subjective (i.e. students are to fill in a cloze with words that would make a given sentence grammatically correct).

4. Sentence embedding - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_embedding

   BERT pioneered an approach involving the use of a dedicated [CLS] token prepended to the beginning of each sentence inputted into the model; the final hidden state vector of this token encodes information about the sentence and can be fine-tuned for use in sentence classification tasks. In practice however, BERT's sentence embedding with the ...

5. Constituent (linguistics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_(linguistics)

   In syntactic analysis, a constituent is a word or a group of words that function as a single unit within a hierarchical structure. The constituent structure of sentences is identified using tests for constituents. [1] These tests apply to a portion of a sentence, and the results provide evidence about the constituent structure of the sentence.

6. English grammar - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar

   The Sentence in Written English: A Syntactic Study Based on an Analysis of Scientific Texts. Cambridge University Press. p. 352. ISBN 978-0-521-11395-3. Jespersen, Otto (1982). Growth and Structure of the English Language. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. p. 244. ISBN 0-226-39877-3. Jespersen, Otto (1992). Philosophy of Grammar.

7. Phrase structure rules - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase_structure_rules

   This sentence was constructed by Noam Chomsky as an illustration that phrase structure rules are capable of generating syntactically correct but semantically incorrect sentences. Phrase structure rules break sentences down into their constituent parts. These constituents are often represented as tree structures (dendrograms). The tree for ...

8. Syntagma (linguistics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntagma_(linguistics)

   Another language might use determiner + noun + adjective (Spanish la casa grande) and therefore have a different syntagmatic structure. At a higher level, narrative structures feature a realistic temporal flow guided by tension and relaxation; thus, for example, events or rhetorical figures may be treated as syntagmas of epic structures.

9. X-bar theory - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-bar_theory

   In linguistics, X-bar theory is a model of phrase-structure grammar and a theory of syntactic category formation [1] that was first proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1970 [2] reformulating the ideas of Zellig Harris (1951 [3]), and further developed by Ray Jackendoff (1974, [4] 1977a, [5] 1977b [6]), along the lines of the theory of generative grammar put forth in the 1950s by Chomsky.