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A single-member district or constituency is an electoral district represented by a single officeholder. It contrasts with a multi-member district , which is represented by multiple officeholders. In some countries, such as Australia and India , members of the lower house of parliament are elected from single-member districts, while members of ...
The mixed-member proportional system combines single member plurality voting (SMP), also known as first-past-the-post (FPTP), with party-list PR in a way that the overall result of the election is supposed to be proportional. The voter may vote for a district candidate as well as a party.
The system of single-member districts with plurality winners tends to produce two large political parties. In countries with proportional representation there is not such a great incentive to vote for a large party, which contributes to multi-party systems .
Proportional representation weakens two-party dominance, since smaller parties no longer rely on plurality they have a better chance of success. [14] In a ranked-choice voting system (RCV) voters rank candidates in order of preference rather than casting a single vote. This system is used in countries with multi-party politics like Australia ...
Single transferable vote (STV) is another form of proportional representation. In STV, multi-member districts are used and each voter casts one vote, being a ranked ballot marked for individual candidates, rather than voting for a party list.
Marshall Islands – in single-member electoral districts, alongside plurality block voting; Oman – in single-member electoral districts, alongside plurality block voting; Pakistan – alongside seats distributed proportional to seats already won; Singapore – in single-member electoral districts, alongside party block voting
Coexistence: some type of mixed systems do not have two tiers (and so also use a single vote), but use majoritarian representation in many constituencies (single-member districts) but use proportional representations is some (multi-member districts), which makes the system as a whole mixed-member majoritarian if the winner-take-all districts ...
Hungary (until 2010) (unicameral; single-member districts alongside party-list proportional representation in multi-member districts and compensatory seats nationwide) United States – Used in Louisiana for all elections, in Georgia for special elections, and variants used in Alaska , California , and Washington .