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A MOT cloud in two different density regimes:If the density of the MOT is high enough, the MOT cloud goes from having a Gaussian density distribution (left), to something more exotic (right). In the right hand image, the density is so high that atoms have been blown out of the central trapping region by radiation pressure, to then form a ...
Fluorocarbon gases are generally greenhouse gases with global-warming potentials (GWPs) of about 100 to 10,000; sulfur hexafluoride has a value of around 20,000. [288] An outlier is HFO-1234yf which is a new type of refrigerant called a Hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) and has attracted global demand due to its GWP of less than 1 compared to 1,430 for ...
The molar gas constant (also known as the gas constant, universal gas constant, or ideal gas constant) is denoted by the symbol R or R. It is the molar equivalent to the Boltzmann constant , expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per amount of substance , rather than energy per temperature increment per particle .
R is the gas constant, which must be expressed in units consistent with those chosen for pressure, volume and temperature. For example, in SI units R = 8.3145 J⋅K −1 ⋅mol −1 when pressure is expressed in pascals, volume in cubic meters, and absolute temperature in kelvin. The ideal gas law is an extension of experimentally discovered ...
In chemistry, molecular orbital theory (MO theory or MOT) is a method for describing the electronic structure of molecules using quantum mechanics. It was proposed early in the 20th century. The MOT explains the paramagnetic nature of O 2, which valence bond theory cannot explain.
Consequently, the solid state of fluorine is more similar to that of oxygen [6] [7] or the noble gases than to those of the heavier halogens. [citation needed] Animation showing the crystal structure of beta-fluorine. [8] Low-temperature fluorine phases. Fluorine solidifies at −220 °C (−363 °F) [5] into a cubic structure, called beta ...
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The resulting electron configuration can be described in terms of bond type, parity and occupancy for example dihydrogen 1σ g 2. Alternatively it can be written as a molecular term symbol e.g. 1 Σ g + for dihydrogen. Sometimes, the letter n is used to designate a non-bonding orbital. For a stable bond, the bond order defined as