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In digital modulation, minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a type of continuous-phase frequency-shift keying that was developed in the late 1950s by Collins Radio employees Melvin L. Doelz and Earl T. Heald. [1] Similar to OQPSK, MSK is encoded with bits alternating between quadrature components, with the Q component delayed by half the symbol period.
The following table lists many common symbols, together with their name, how they should be read out loud, and the related field of mathematics. Additionally, the subsequent columns contains an informal explanation, a short example, the Unicode location, the name for use in HTML documents, [1] and the LaTeX symbol.
Minimum-shift keying#Gaussian minimum-shift keying To a section : This is a redirect from a topic that does not have its own page to a section of a page on the subject. For redirects to embedded anchors on a page, use {{ R to anchor }} instead .
Minimum frequency-shift keying or minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a particular spectrally efficient form of coherent FSK. In MSK, the difference between the higher and lower frequency is identical to half the bit rate. Consequently, the waveforms that represent a 0 and a 1 bit differ by exactly half a carrier period.
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Minimum-shift keying#Gaussian minimum-shift keying To a section : This is a redirect from a topic that does not have its own page to a section of a page on the subject. For redirects to embedded anchors on a page, use {{ R to anchor }} instead .
opt + shift + 8. degree symbol ° opt + v. check symbol √. shift + 7. and symbol & opt + 8. bullet symbol • shift + 3. number symbol # opt + x. approximately symbol ≈. opt + o. diameter ...
A modified constellation diagram of 16-APSK. Typically 16-APSK will have 15 degree phase offset on the outer ring, which is not depicted here. Symbols can be easily distinguished from each other and, moreover, varying of the space between rings is a way to counteract transmission distortions. [4]