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Ethanol is an attractive alternative to methanol because it comes with a supply chain that's already in place. Ethanol also remains the easier fuel to work with for widespread use by consumers. Ethanol is a hydrogen-rich liquid and it has a high specific energy (8.0 kWh/kg) compared to methanol (6.1 kWh/kg
Ethanol-water mixtures have less volume than the sum of their individual components at the given fractions. Mixing equal volumes of ethanol and water results in only 1.92 volumes of mixture. [75] [80] Mixing ethanol and water is exothermic, with up to 777 J/mol [81] being released at 298 K. Hydrogen bonding in solid ethanol at −186 °C
This high miscibility with water means that ethanol cannot be efficiently shipped through modern pipelines, like liquid hydrocarbons, over long distances. [28] The fraction of water that an ethanol-gasoline fuel can contain without phase separation increases with the percentage of ethanol. [29] For example, E30 can have up to about 2% water.
Scientific evidence reveals that water is an inhibitor for corrosion by ethanol. [6] The experiments are done with E50, which is more aggressive and speeds up the corrosion effect. It is very clear that by increasing the amount of water in fuel ethanol one can reduce corrosion. At 2% or 20,000 ppm water in the ethanol fuel the corrosion stopped.
Subsequently, this sulphate ester is hydrolyzed to regenerate sulphuric acid and release ethanol: C 2 H 5-O-SO 3 H + H 2 O → H 2 SO 4 + C 2 H 5 OH. This two step route is called the "indirect process". In the "direct process," the acid protonates the alkene, and water reacts with this incipient carbocation to give the alcohol.
The eutectic nature of salt and water is exploited when salt is spread on roads to aid snow removal, or mixed with ice to produce low temperatures (for example, in traditional ice cream making). Ethanol–water has an unusually biased eutectic point, i.e. it is close to pure ethanol, which sets the maximum proof obtainable by fractional freezing.
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Some low molecular weight alcohols of industrial importance are produced by the addition of water to alkenes. Ethanol, isopropanol, 2-butanol, and tert-butanol are produced by this general method. Two implementations are employed, the direct and indirect methods.