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Oversaturation of urine with crystals is by far the biggest factor in stone formation in dogs and cats. [3] This oversaturation can be caused by increased excretion of crystals by the kidneys, water reabsorption by the renal tubules resulting in concentration of the urine, and changes in urine pH that influence crystallization.
Crystalluria refers to crystals found in the urine when performing a urine test. Crystalluria is considered often as a benign condition and as one of the side effects of sulfonamides and penicillins. The main reason for the identification of urinary crystals is to detect the presence of the relatively few abnormal types that may represent a ...
The goal is to increase the urine volume because the concentration of cystine in the urine is reduced which prevents cystine from precipitating from the urine and forming stones. People with cystine stones should consume 5 to 7 liters a day. The rationale behind alkalizing the urine is that cystine tends to stay in solution and causes no harm.
Urine pH may be monitored to help prevent the formation of kidney stones or to avoid side effects of some drugs, [68] such as high-dose methotrexate therapy, in which crystals that cause kidney damage can form if the urine is acidic. [69] If microscopy is performed, knowing the pH of the sample helps to identify any crystals that might be ...
Urine microscopy showing calcium oxalate crystals in the urine. As many of the clinical signs and symptoms of ethylene glycol poisoning are nonspecific and occur in many poisonings; the diagnosis is often difficult. [24] It is most reliably diagnosed by the measurement of the blood ethylene glycol concentration.
Acute uric acid nephropathy is caused by deposition of uric acid crystals within the kidney interstitium and tubules, leading to partial or complete obstruction of collecting ducts, renal pelvis, or ureter. This obstruction is usually bilateral, and patients follow the clinical course of acute kidney failure.
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is known to interfere with the oxidation reaction of the blood and glucose pad on common urine test strips. Some urine test strips are protected against the interference with iodate, which eliminates ascorbic acid by oxidation. [25] Some test strips include a test for urinary ascorbate.
The protein cauxin, a protein excreted in large amounts in cat urine that acts to produce a feline pheromone, has recently been found to cause nucleation of struvite crystals in a model system containing the ions necessary to form struvite. This may explain some of the excess struvite production in domestic cats. [14]