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To achieve its distinct composition, the proximal-most region of the cilium consists of a transition zone, also known as the ciliary gate, that controls the entry and exit of proteins to and from the cilium. [18] [19] [20] At the transition zone, Y-shaped structures connect the ciliary membrane to the underlying axoneme. Control of selective ...
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare, autosomal recessive genetic ciliopathy, that causes defects in the action of cilia lining the upper and lower respiratory tract, sinuses, Eustachian tube, middle ear, fallopian tube, and flagella of sperm cells. The alternative name of "immotile ciliary syndrome" is no longer favored as the cilia do ...
SEM image of syncytial virions taken from A549 cells in the lung epithelium. Following injury to airway epithelium, the basal cells can become infected by the respiratory syncytial virus . When this happens the basal cell can be skewed to favour the differentiation of mucus-producing (secretory goblet cells ) over that of ciliated cells.
A ciliopathy is any genetic disorder that affects the cellular cilia or the cilia anchoring structures, the basal bodies, [1] or ciliary function. [2] Primary cilia are important in guiding the process of development, so abnormal ciliary function while an embryo is developing can lead to a set of malformations that can occur regardless of the particular genetic problem. [3]
Mucociliary clearance (MCC), mucociliary transport, or the mucociliary escalator describes the self-clearing mechanism of the airways in the respiratory system. [1] It is one of the two protective processes for the lungs in removing inhaled particles including pathogens before they can reach the delicate tissue of the lungs.
The solitary nucleus sends signals to the respiratory center from peripheral chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, and other types of receptors in the lungs in particular the stretch receptors. Thus, the dorsal respiratory group is seen as an integrating center that gives the ventral respiratory group output to modify the breathing rhythm. [4] [5]
Ciliary neurotrophic factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CNTF gene. [5] [6] [7]The protein encoded by this gene is a polypeptide hormone and neurotrophic factor whose actions have mainly been studied in the nervous system where it promotes neurotransmitter synthesis and neurite outgrowth in certain neural populations including astrocytes.
Sympathetic connections of the ciliary and superior cervical ganglia. (Ciliospinal center not labeled, but region is situated in spinal cord segment T1-T2, which is labeled; red dots situated within ciliospinal center.) Pathway in blue actually represents parasympathetic pathway.