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The most common problem being solved is the 0-1 knapsack problem, which restricts the number of copies of each kind of item to zero or one. Given a set of n {\displaystyle n} items numbered from 1 up to n {\displaystyle n} , each with a weight w i {\displaystyle w_{i}} and a value v i {\displaystyle v_{i}} , along with a maximum weight capacity ...
Both the bounded and unbounded variants admit an FPTAS (essentially the same as the one used in the 0-1 knapsack problem). If the items are subdivided into k classes denoted N i {\displaystyle N_{i}} , and exactly one item must be taken from each class, we get the multiple-choice knapsack problem :
The quadratic knapsack problem (QKP), first introduced in 19th century, [1] is an extension of knapsack problem that allows for quadratic terms in the objective function: Given a set of items, each with a weight, a value, and an extra profit that can be earned if two items are selected, determine the number of items to include in a collection without exceeding capacity of the knapsack, so as ...
The variant where variables are required to be 0 or 1, called zero-one linear programming, and several other variants are also NP-complete [2] [3]: MP1 Some problems related to Job-shop scheduling; Knapsack problem, quadratic knapsack problem, and several variants [2] [3]: MP9 Some problems related to Multiprocessor scheduling
For example, bin packing is strongly NP-complete while the 0-1 Knapsack problem is only weakly NP-complete. Thus the version of bin packing where the object and bin sizes are integers bounded by a polynomial remains NP-complete, while the corresponding version of the Knapsack problem can be solved in pseudo-polynomial time by dynamic programming.
The bin packing problem can also be seen as a special case of the cutting stock problem. When the number of bins is restricted to 1 and each item is characterized by both a volume and a value, the problem of maximizing the value of items that can fit in the bin is known as the knapsack problem.
[1] For example, the NP-hard knapsack problem can be solved by a dynamic programming algorithm requiring a number of steps polynomial in the size of the knapsack and the number of items (assuming that all data are scaled to be integers); however, the runtime of this algorithm is exponential time since the input sizes of the objects and knapsack ...
It is a special case of the integer knapsack problem, and has applications wider than just currency. It is also the most common variation of the coin change problem , a general case of partition in which, given the available denominations of an infinite set of coins, the objective is to find out the number of possible ways of making a change ...