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Quaternary ammonium cation. The R groups may be the same or different alkyl or aryl groups. Also, the R groups may be connected. In organic chemistry, quaternary ammonium cations, also known as quats, are positively-charged polyatomic ions of the structure [NR 4] +, where R is an alkyl group, an aryl group [1] or organyl group.
Tetramethylammonium (TMA) is the simplest quaternary ammonium cation. It has the chemical formula [Me 4 N] + and consists of four methyl groups (−CH 3, denoted Me) attached to a central nitrogen atom. The cation is isoelectronic with neopentane (Me 4 C). It is positively-charged and can only be isolated in association with a counter-ion.
Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH or TMAOH) is a quaternary ammonium salt with molecular formula N(CH 3) 4 + OH −. It is commonly encountered in form of concentrated solutions in water or methanol. TMAH in solid state and its aqueous solutions are all colorless, but may be yellowish if impure.
The tetrahydroisoquinoline skeleton is present in a number of drugs, [3] such as tubocurarine, one of the quaternary ammonium muscle relaxants. Drugs based on 4-substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines include nomifensine [13] and diclofensine. They can be prepared by N-alkylation of benzyl amines with haloacetophenones. [14]
Like other quaternary ammonium cations, TPA is prepared by the alkylation of the corresponding ammonia analogue, tripropylamine. Treatment of the amine with a primary propyl halide such as n-bromopropane yields the corresponding TPA halide salt in a Menshutkin reaction: (C 3 H 7) 3 N + C 3 H 7 Br → (C 3 H 7) 4 N + Br −
Tetrabutylammonium is a quaternary ammonium cation with the formula [N(C 4 H 9) 4] +, also denoted [NBu 4] + (where Bu = butyl group). It is used in the research laboratory to prepare lipophilic salts of inorganic anions. Relative to tetraethylammonium derivatives, tetrabutylammonium salts are more lipophilic but crystallize less readily.
Dimethyldioctadecylammonium chloride (also commonly distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride or distearyldimonium chloride) is an organic compound classified as quaternary ammonium salt. The nitrogen center substituted with two methyl groups and two stearyl groups.
Tetraethylammonium (TEA) is a quaternary ammonium cation with the chemical formula [Et 4 N] +, consisting of four ethyl groups (−C 2 H 5, denoted Et) attached to a central nitrogen atom. It is a counterion used in the research laboratory to prepare lipophilic salts of inorganic anions.
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