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Branched polyphosphoric acids give similarly branched polyphosphate anions. The simplest example of this is triphosphono phosphate [OP(OPO 3) 3] 9− and its partially dissociated versions. The general formula for such (non-cyclic) polyphosphate anions, linear or branched, is [H n+2−k P n O 3n+1] k−, where the charge k may vary from 1 to n + 2.
In biological systems, phosphorus can be found as free phosphate anions in solution (inorganic phosphate) or bound to organic molecules as various organophosphates. Inorganic phosphate is generally denoted P i and at physiological (homeostatic) pH primarily consists of a mixture of [HPO 4] 2− and [H 2 PO 4] − ions.
A good measure of anion stability is the pK a of an anion's conjugate acid (pK aH), and leaving group ability indeed generally follows this trend, with a lower pK aH correlating well with better leaving group ability.
Ionic radius, r ion, is the radius of a monatomic ion in an ionic crystal structure. Although neither atoms nor ions have sharp boundaries, they are treated as if they were hard spheres with radii such that the sum of ionic radii of the cation and anion gives the distance between the ions in a crystal lattice.
The molar ionic strength, I, of a solution is a function of the concentration of all ions present in that solution. [3]= = where one half is because we are including both cations and anions, c i is the molar concentration of ion i (M, mol/L), z i is the charge number of that ion, and the sum is taken over all ions in the solution.
Solvation of lithium ions in [Me 3 SiNP(μ 3-NtBu) 3 {μ 3-Li(thf)} 3 I] • in very dilute THF solutions. [7] Phosphorus radicals are commonly characterized by EPR/ESR to elucidate the spin localisation of the radical across the radical species. Higher coupling constants are indicative of higher localisation on phosphorus nuclei.
Removal of all three H + ions gives the phosphate ion PO 3− 4. Removal of one or two protons gives dihydrogen phosphate ion H 2 PO − 4, and the hydrogen phosphate ion HPO 2− 4, respectively. Phosphoric acid forms esters, called organophosphates. [17]
The dihydrogen phosphate anion consists of a central phosphorus atom surrounded by 2 equivalent oxygen atoms and 2 hydroxy groups in a tetrahedral arrangement. [3] Dihydrogen phosphate can be identified as an anion, an ion with an overall negative charge, with dihydrogen phosphates being a negative 1 charge. [3]