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the first estate of prelates (bishops and abbots) the second estate of lairds (dukes, earls, parliamentary peers (after 1437) and lay tenants-in-chief) the third estate of burgh commissioners (representatives chosen by the royal burghs) The First Estate was overthrown during the Glorious Revolution and the accession of William III. [17]
The total number of nobles in the three Estates was about 400. Noble representatives of the Third Estate were among the most passionate revolutionaries in attendance, including Jean Joseph Mounier and the comte de Mirabeau. Some clergy were also elected as Third Estate delegates, most notably the abbé Sieyès. Despite their status as elected ...
The first page of Qu'est-ce que le Tiers Etat?. Qu'est-ce que le Tiers-État? (transl. What Is the Third Estate?) is an influential political pamphlet published in January 1789, shortly before the outbreak of the French Revolution, by the French writer and clergyman Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (1748–1836). [1]
Before the Revolution, French society—aside from royalty—was divided into three estates. The First Estate comprised the clergy; the Second Estate was the nobility. The rest of France—some 97 per cent of the population—was the Third Estate, which ranged from very wealthy city merchants to impoverished rural farmers.
Unlike the First and Second Estates, the Third Estate were compelled to pay taxes. The bourgeoisie found ways to evade them and become exempt. The major burden of the French government fell upon the poorest in French society: the farmers, peasantry, and working poor. The Third Estate had considerable resentment toward the upper classes.
Technically, but not usually of much relevance, the Second Estate also included the Royal Family. Third Estate (Tiers État) – Everyone not included in the First or Second Estate. At times this term refers specifically to the bourgeoisie, the middle class, but the Third Estate also included the sans-culottes, the labouring class. Also ...
Cahier de doléances of Saint-Louis, Senegal (1789). The Cahiers de doléances (French pronunciation: [kaje də dɔleɑ̃s]; or simply Cahiers as they were often known) were the lists of grievances drawn up by each of the three Estates in France, between January and April 1789, the year in which the French Revolution began.
The third estate was 98%. [1] All of the many types of taxes were paid by the third estate. The society was based on the old French maxim "The nobles fight; the clergy pray and the people pay". Beyond these relatively established facts about the social conditions surrounding the French Revolution, there is significant dissent among historians.