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A reversal to solitarity is an evolutionary phenomenon in which descendants of a eusocial group evolve solitary behavior once again. Bees have been model organisms for the study of reversal to solitarity, because of the diversity of their social systems.
Group living may sometimes be confused with collective animal behavior. Collective animal behavior is the study of how the interactions between individuals of a group give rise to group level patterns and how these patterns have evolved. [5] Examples include the marching of locusts and flocks of migrating birds.
Collective animal behaviour is a form of social behavior involving the coordinated behavior of large groups of similar animals as well as emergent properties of these groups. This can include the costs and benefits of group membership, the transfer of information, decision-making process, locomotion and synchronization of the group.
This is also called mutually beneficial cooperation as both actor and recipient depend on direct fitness benefits, which are broken down into two different types: by-product benefit and enforcement. By-product benefit arises as a consequence of social partners having a shared interest in cooperation.
Species have evolved to be more diverse through each epoch of time, [9] with plants and insects having some of the most diverse families discovered thus far. [10] The unique traits of an organism can allow a new niche to be occupied, allow for better defense against predators, and potentially lead to specialization.
Early explanations of social behaviour, such as the lekking of blackcock, spoke of "the good of the species". [1] Blackcocks at the Lek watercolour and bodycolour by Archibald Thorburn, 1901. Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection acts at the level of the group, instead of at the level of the individual ...
The term "species group" can be used to describe the manner in which individual organisms group together. In this non-taxonomic context one can refer to "same-species groups" and "mixed-species groups." While same-species groups are the norm, examples of mixed-species groups abound.
Mutualism is a form of symbiosis that is beneficial to both involved organisms. Mutualism has many forms and can occur when the benefits are immediate or deferred, when individuals exchange beneficial behaviors in turn, or when a group of individuals contribute to a common good, where it may be advantageous for all group members to help raise ...