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Eukaryotic translation is the biological process by which messenger RNA is translated into proteins in eukaryotes. It consists of four phases: initiation, elongation, termination, and recapping. It consists of four phases: initiation, elongation, termination, and recapping.
Alterations in translation of mRNA into proteins rapidly modulates the proteome without changing upstream steps such as transcription, pre-mRNA splicing, and nuclear export. [1] The strict regulation of translation in both space and time is in part governed by cis-regulatory elements located in 5′ mRNA transcript leaders (TLs) and 3 ...
The process of amino acid building to create protein in translation is a subject of various physic models for a long time starting from the first detailed kinetic models such as [26] or others taking into account stochastic aspects of translation and using computer simulations. Many chemical kinetics-based models of protein synthesis have been ...
Elongation is the most rapid step in translation. [3] In bacteria , it proceeds at a rate of 15 to 20 amino acids added per second (about 45-60 nucleotides per second). [ citation needed ] In eukaryotes the rate is about two amino acids per second (about 6 nucleotides read per second).
Initiation of translation in bacteria involves the assembly of the components of the translation system, which are: the two ribosomal subunits (50S and 30S subunits); the mature mRNA to be translated; the tRNA charged with N-formylmethionine (the first amino acid in the nascent peptide); guanosine triphosphate (GTP) as a source of energy, and the three prokaryotic initiation factors IF1, IF2 ...
Due to the fact that translation elongation is an irreversible process, there are few known mechanisms of its regulation. However, it has been shown that translational efficiency is reduced via diminished tRNA pools, which are required for the elongation of polypeptides.
[7] [8] [9] [14] As an elongation factor, it is known to mediate the recruitment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of the 80S ribosome during protein synthesis. [8] [14] [15] [16] As a result, this protein is ubiquitously expressed. [8] [10] [14] In addition to its role in translation, eEF1A has been shown to play a central role in the nuclear ...
In eubacteria, there are three groups of factors that promote protein synthesis: initiation factors, elongation factors and termination factors. [7] The elongation phase of translation is promoted by three universal elongation factors, EF-Tu, EF-Ts, and EF-G. [9] EF-P was discovered in 1975 by Glick and Ganoza, [10] as a factor that increased the yield of peptide bond formation between ...