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They protect vitamin A from oxidation during storage and prompt absorption of vitamin A. Beta-carotene and retinyl acetate or retinyl palmitate are used as a form of vitamin A for vitamin A fortification of fat-based foods. Fortification of sugar with retinyl palmitate as a form of vitamin A has been used extensively throughout Central America ...
Retinyl palmitate, or vitamin A palmitate, is the ester of retinol and palmitic acid, with formula C 36 H 60 O 2. It is the most abundant form of vitamin A storage in animals. [2] An alternate spelling, retinol palmitate, which violates the -yl organic chemical naming convention for esters, is also frequently seen. [citation needed]
Retinyl esters can be distinguished from retinol in serum and other tissues and quantified with the use of methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography. [21] Elevated amounts of retinyl ester (i.e., >10% of total circulating vitamin A) in the fasting state have been used as markers for chronic hypervitaminosis A in humans and monkeys ...
The major source of retinoids in human diet are plant pigments such as carotenes and retinyl esters derived from animal sources. [15] Retinyl esters are transported through the chylomicron pathway to the liver or fat tissue while retinol or carotenes are transported from the enterocytes to the liver and are processed into retinyl esters by LRAT ...
Vitamin A occurs as two principal forms in foods: A) retinoids, found in animal-sourced foods, either as retinol or bound to a fatty acid to become a retinyl ester, and B) the carotenoids α-carotene (alpha-carotene), β-carotene, γ-carotene (gamma-carotene), and the xanthophyll beta-cryptoxanthin (all of which contain β-ionone rings) that ...
Retinol, also called vitamin A 1, is a fat-soluble vitamin in the vitamin A family that is found in food and used as a dietary supplement. [3] Retinol or other forms of vitamin A are needed for vision, cellular development, maintenance of skin and mucous membranes, immune function and reproductive development. [3]
Retinol plays a crucial role in the growth and differentiation of various body tissues, and it has been previously characterized that embryos are extremely sensitive to alterations in retinol concentration that can lead to spontaneous abortion and malformations occurring during development.
The enzyme 11-cis-retinyl-palmitate hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.63) catalyzes the reaction 11-cis-retinyl palmitate + H 2 O 11-cis-retinol + palmitate. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name is 11-cis-retinyl-palmitate acylhydrolase.