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[2] [3] The formation of goose bumps in humans under stress is considered by some to be a vestigial reflex, [4] though visible piloerection is associated with changes in skin temperature in humans. [5] The reflex of producing goose bumps is known as piloerection or the pilomotor reflex, or, more traditionally, [6] horripilation.
In evolutionary biology and psychology, such an ability is presumed to have evolved for inbreeding avoidance, [1] though animals do not typically avoid inbreeding. [2] An additional adaptive function sometimes posited for kin recognition is a role in kin selection. There is debate over this, since in strict theoretical terms kin recognition is ...
Skein / s k eɪ n / may refer to: A flock of geese or ducks in flight; A wound ball of yarn with a centre pull strand; see Hank; A metal piece fitted over the end of a wagon axle, to which the wheel is mounted; Skein (unit), a unit of length used by weavers and tailors; Skein dubh, a Scottish knife; Skein module, a mathematical concept
While a comprehensive review of the Anatidae which unites all evidence into a robust phylogeny is still lacking, the reasons for the confusing data are at least clear: As demonstrated by the Late Cretaceous fossil Vegavis iaai—an early modern waterbird which belonged to an extinct lineage—the Anatidae are an ancient group among the modern ...
Anseriformes is an order of birds also known as waterfowl that comprises about 180 living species of birds in three families: Anhimidae (three species of screamers), Anseranatidae (the magpie goose), and Anatidae, the largest family, which includes over 170 species of waterfowl, among them the ducks, geese, and swans.
Eurasian cranes in a V formation (video) Birds flying in V formation. A V formation is a symmetric V- or chevron-shaped flight formation.In nature, it occurs among geese, swans, ducks, and other migratory birds, improving their energy efficiency, while in human aviation, it is used mostly in military aviation, air shows, and occasionally commercial aviation.
The black geese of the genus Branta are waterfowl belonging to the true geese and swans subfamily Anserinae. They occur in the northern coastal regions of the Palearctic and all over North America , migrating to more southerly coasts in winter, and as resident birds in the Hawaiian Islands .
This schema constitutes a basic framework of the overlapping behavioural fields of ethology, behavioural ecology, comparative psychology, sociobiology, evolutionary psychology, and anthropology. Julian Huxley identified the first three questions. Niko Tinbergen gave only the fourth question, as Huxley's questions failed to distinguish between ...