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Toxic multinodular goiter (TMNG), also known as multinodular toxic goiter (MNTG), is an active multinodular goiter associated with hyperthyroidism.. It is a common cause of hyperthyroidism [2] [3] in which there is excess production of thyroid hormones from functionally autonomous thyroid nodules, which do not require stimulation from thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).
In the US, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism were respectively found in 4.6 and 1.3% of the >12y old population (2002). [3] In some types, such as subacute thyroiditis or postpartum thyroiditis, symptoms may go away after a few months and laboratory tests may return to normal. [4] However most types of thyroid disease do not resolve on their own.
TPP occurs predominantly in males of Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Filipino, and Korean descent, [1] as well as Thais, [3] with much lower rates in people of other ethnicities. [1] In Chinese and Japanese people with hyperthyroidism, 1.8–1.9% experience TPP. This is in contrast to North America, where studies report a rate of 0.1–0.2%.
This may be used in those with very large thyroids or when cancer is a concern. [1] In the United States hyperthyroidism affects about 1.2% of the population. [3] Worldwide, hyperthyroidism affects 2.5% of adults. [8] It occurs between two and ten times more often in women. [1] Onset is commonly between 20 and 50 years of age. [2]
Normal thyroid levels are also seen, and occasionally also hypothyroidism, which may assist in causing goiter (though it is not the cause of the Graves' disease). Hyperthyroidism in Graves' disease is confirmed, as with any other cause of hyperthyroidism, by measuring elevated blood levels of free (unbound) T3 and T4. [citation needed]
The hyperthyroidism usually develops over 2 to 12 weeks following iodine administration. [ 2 ] In some ways the Jod-Basedow phenomenon is the opposite of two physiological compensation mechanisms, the Plummer effect and the Wolff–Chaikoff effect , which in normal persons and in persons with thyroid disease, suppress the thyroid hormone after ...
The TRH test involves administration of a small amount of TRH intravenously, [1] following which levels of TSH will be measured at several subsequent time points using samples of blood taken from a peripheral vein. [citation needed] The test is used in the differential diagnosis of secondary and tertiary hypothyroidism.
Thyroid disorders include hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroid inflammation (thyroiditis), thyroid enlargement , thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer. Hyperthyroidism is characterized by excessive secretion of thyroid hormones: the most common cause is the autoimmune disorder Graves' disease.