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Bone marrow samples can be obtained by aspiration and trephine biopsy. Sometimes, a bone marrow examination will include both an aspirate and a biopsy. The aspirate yields semi-liquid bone marrow, which can be examined by a pathologist under a light microscope and analyzed by flow cytometry, chromosome analysis, or polymerase chain reaction (PCR
Diagnosis is by medical imaging, with MRI being more accurate than CT scan, and confirmed by CT-guided or ultrasound-guided core-needle biopsy once a chest CT has excluded spread to lungs. [2] Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography is more accurate than a bone scan in detecting spread, and can be used to monitor response to treatment. [2]
Bone: A bone biopsy is a procedure in which bone samples are removed to find out if cancer or infection or other abnormal cells are present. A bone biopsy involves the outer layers of bone, unlike a bone marrow biopsy, which involves the innermost part of the bone. Bone biopsy should as rule be done after all necessary imagings performed.
A bone marrow smear from a case of erythroleukemia. The large cell in the top center is an abnormal erythroblast: it is multinucleated, with megaloblastoid nuclear chromatin. This is diagnostic of erythroleukemia. Cytopathology (sometimes referred to as "cytology") is a branch of pathology that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level.
The Jamshidi needle is a trephine needle for performing bone marrow biopsy, whereby a cylindrical sample of tissue, a core biopsy specimen, is obtained. It is a cylindrical needle with a tapered cutting tip. [1] The tapered end reduces the potential of crush artifact. [2] It is the most commonly used needle for performing bone marrow biopsies. [3]
In the absence of splenomegaly, leukopenia may reflect bone marrow involvement, but the most common mechanism is a redistribution of blood T cells to sites of disease. [69] Other nonspecific findings include monocytosis , occurring in the majority of sarcoidosis cases, [ 70 ] increased hepatic enzymes or alkaline phosphatase .
Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue found within the spongy (also known as cancellous) portions of bones. [2] In birds and mammals, bone marrow is the primary site of new blood cell production (or haematopoiesis). [3] It is composed of hematopoietic cells, marrow adipose tissue, and supportive stromal cells.
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