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A tipi or tepee (/ ˈ t iː p i / TEE-pee) is a conical lodge tent that is distinguished from other conical tents by the smoke flaps at the top of the structure, and historically made of animal hides or pelts or, in more recent generations, of canvas stretched on a framework of wooden poles.
Dakota-style tipis and Ojibwe wigwam, White Earth, Minnesota, 1928 Ojibwe wigwam, from an 1846 painting by Paul Kane. Wigwams are most often seasonal structures, although the term is applied to rounded and conical structures that are more permanent. Wigwams usually take longer to put up than tipis. Their frames are usually not portable like a tipi.
A flap in the animal skins serves as a doorway, and a hole in the center of the tepee’s roof allows smoke and heat to escape. In Lakota culture, the four sides of a tepee represent both space and time. The tepee itself symbolizes the world, with each corner embodying one of the four cardinal directions. [6]
In Native American plains style tipi, the smoke hole consisted of one easily accessible smoke flap vent which was positioned around the apex of the interior beams and the flaps were extended outward on poles to open the vent. In modern ceremonial tipis this vent is in the traditional fashion.
Tipi rings in the Pryor Mountains. Tipi rings are circular patterns of stones left from an encampment of Post-Archaic, protohistoric and historic Native Americans. [1] They are found primarily throughout the Plains of the United States and Canada, and also in the foothills and parks of the Rocky Mountains.
The Northern Paiute have a history of trade with surrounding tribes. In the 1700s, the bands in eastern Oregon traded with the tribes to the north, [ 6 ] who by 1730 had acquired the horse. [ 7 ] In the mid-18th century, some bands developed a horse culture and split off to become the Bannock tribe. [ 8 ]
An earth lodge is a semi-subterranean building covered partially or completely with earth, best known from the Native American cultures of the Great Plains and Eastern Woodlands. Most earth lodges are circular in construction with a dome-like roof, often with a central or slightly offset smoke hole at the apex of the dome. [1]
Shaking tents could be a lodge or a teepee used to summon spirits. Shaking tent ceremony is a ritual of some Indigenous people in North America that is used to connect the people with the spirit realm and establish a connection and line of communication between the spirit world and the mortal world.