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A painting of a gentry scholar with two courtesans, by Tang Yin, c. 1500. The four occupations (simplified Chinese: 士农工商; traditional Chinese: 士農工商; pinyin: Shì nóng gōng shāng), or "four categories of the people" (Chinese: 四民; pinyin: sì mín), [1] [2] was an occupation classification used in ancient China by either Confucian or Legalist scholars as far back as the ...
The current social structure of China relies on strata, which are defined by an individual's economic and social status. There are a total of ten strata which, in a general sense, include government officials, private and small business owners, industrial workers, agricultural laborers, and the unemployed. [ 119 ]
On 1 November 1949, the Ministry of the Interior of the Central People's Government (Chinese: 中央人民政府内务部) was established in accordance with the Organic Law of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China adopted at the First National Conference of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference on 27 September. [2]
Large groups of foreign migrants settled in China, who enjoyed elevated social status over the majority Han Chinese, while enriching Chinese culture with foreign elements. The class of scholar officials and intellectuals, traditional bearers of elite Chinese culture, lost substantial social status.
This article is a list of domestic and international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) operating in China. Relations between Chinese NGOs and the government fluctuate over time. [ 1 ] Most Chinese NGOs and activists work with government entities that support their goals and selectively oppose government entities which contest their goals.
La empresa de china: de la Armada Invencible al Galeón de Manila. Acantilado. ISBN 9788495359858. Sola, Diego (2018). El Cronista de China: Juan González de Mendoza, entre la misión, el imperio y la historia. Edicions Universitat Barcelona. ISBN 9788491680376. Sola, Emilio (1999). Historia de un desencuentro. España y Japón, 1580-1619 ...
The period established social and political patterns which shaped China's history from that point on. [ 22 ] There was a gradual relaxation of Marxist interpretation after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, [ 23 ] which was accelerated after the Tian'anmen Square protest and other revolutions in 1989, which damaged Marxism's ideological ...
The Cambridge History of China is a series of books published by the Cambridge University Press (CUP) covering the history of China from the founding of the Qin dynasty in 221 BC to 1982 AD. The series was conceived by British historian Denis Twitchett and American historian John King Fairbank in the late 1960s, and publication began in 1978.